1. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 1 A Thing or Two about Information Management and Component-based Knowledge Graphs With Applications to After-Sales www.sorman.com Keynote Address Russell S. Peak, PhD Associate Director & Senior Researcher Product & Systems Lifecycle Mgt. Center www.pslm.gatech.edu

2. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 2 Synopsis Abstract Models confront us constantly in both obvious and not-so-obvious ways. This talk highlights key concepts to effectively handle such models -- both on the job and in everyday life -- with examples from Dr. Seuss, high school physics, and airframes -- and points in between. We conclude with implications for the aftermarket. Speaker Biosketch Since joining the Georgia Tech research faculty in 1996, Russell S. Peak has led a variety of R&D efforts including sponsored projects in aerospace, automotive, and electronics. Dr. Peak specializes in information technology and knowledge-based methods for complex systems, including applications to product lifecycle management (PLM) and simulation. Citation RS Peak (2007) A Thing or Two about Information Management and Component-based Knowledge Graphs With Applications to After-Sales. Keynote Address. Sorman After-Sales Conference. Frankfurt. http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2007-sac-peak/

3. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 3 1stIndustrial and Systems Engineering 3rdBiomedical Engineering 4thAerospace Engineering 4thCivil Engineering 7th Computer Engineering 7thElectrical Engineering 7thMechanical Engineering 7thEnvironmental Engineering Served as Olympic Village for 10,000+ athletes/staff Founded in Atlanta Faculty 5 Professors 5 Shop Supervisors Students 129 undergrads in Mechanical Engineering Georgia Tech Fun Facts 18851903194819962007 First full-time football coach John Heisman Renamed Georgia Institute of Technology Graduate School Rankings

4. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 4 Georgia Tech Enrollment (2005) Undergraduate Architecture748 Computing919 Engineering6,989 Liberal Arts761 Management1,168 Sciences1,039 Undeclared217 Total11,841 Graduate Architecture340 Computing496 Engineering3,189 Liberal Arts 260 Management241 Sciences768 Total5,294 Degrees Conferred Bachelor’s Master’s PhD Architecture1371054 Computing30513325 Engineering1,372838250 Liberal Arts 169828 Management3451403 Sciences18410265 Institute Total2,5121,400355

5. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 5 Prof. Steven Danyluk Director Georgia Tech Manufacturing Research Center

6. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 6 Sample Application Domains –Factory design & simulation –Fluid power systems –Mechatronics & electronics SysE - MCAD/E - ECAD/E - SWE testbeds Circuit board warpage Sample Research and Enabling Technologies –Set-based design –Knowledge patterns for simulation-based design (SBD) –SysML and composable objects (COBs) Applications to SBD templates & CAD-CAE interoperability Product & Systems Lifecycle Management Center Defining next-gen. systems-of-systems (SoS) and product lifecycle management (PLM). www.pslm.gatech.edu

7. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 7 Contents Information Management Principles –Fundamental Things –Intermediate / Advanced Concepts Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling –SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) –Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

8. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 8 Information Management Fundamentals Principle 1: Existence With Applications to After-Sales

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13. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 13 Information Management Fundamentals Principle 1: Existence –No Thing –Some Thing –Some Things With Applications to After-Sales

14. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 14 After-Sales Applications Symptom: No Things What to Fix: Some Things But Specifically What Things?

15. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 15 Information Management Fundamentals Principle 1: Existence –No Thing –Some Thing –Some Things Principle 2: Identity With Applications to After-Sales

16. Cat in the Hat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat Published in 1957 Non-conventional reading primer #9 of US “Top 10 Best Selling Children’s Books” 1626 words total 236 unique words 54 occur exactly once 33 occur exactly twice Only “another” has three syllables 14 have two syllables 221 are monosyllabic Longest words: “something” and playthings”

17. “ I call them Thing One and Thing Two... ” A+

18. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 18 After-Sales Applications Thing 1 Thing 2 Thing 5 Thing 3 Thing 4 Thing 6 Specifying What to Fix [Version 1]...

19. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 19 After-Sales Applications Wheel 1 Wheel 2 Hatch 5 Door 3 Door 4 Light 6 Specifying What to Fix [Version 2]...

20. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 20 Information Management Fundamentals Principle 1: Existence –No Thing –Some Thing –Some Things Principle 2: Identity Principle 3: Versioning With Applications to After-Sales

21. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 21 Contents Information Management Principles –Fundamental Things –Intermediate / Advanced Concepts Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling –SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) –Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

22. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 22 Example Collective Systems Model A composition of std. & custom information models Adapted from 2001-12-16 - Jim U’Ren, NASA-JPL

23. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 23 Model-Centric Framework Tool A 1 Collective Systems Model Meta-Building Blocks: Information models & meta-models International standards Industry specs Corporate standards Local customizations Modeling technologies: Express, UML, SysML, COBs, OWL, XML, … Tool B j Producer Tools Enricher Tools Produce, Merge, Enrich, Consume Tool C k Consumer Tools Tool A n... http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/journals/2004-jcise-peak/

24. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 24 Analyzable Product Models (APMs) [Tamburini, 1999; http://eislab.gatech.edu/research/dai/] Solid Modeler Materials Database Fasteners Database Design ApplicationsAnalysis Applications FEA-Based Analysis Formula- Based Analysis Combine information Add reusable multi-fidelity idealizations Analyzable Product Model (APM)... Provide advanced access to design info needed by diverse analyses. Support multi-directionality

25. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 25 Design-for-X (DFX) Analysis System http://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/rci-sfm/ RCI DFX Guidelines Boeing RDF Rules Definition Tool RCI DFX Rules Library Simulation/Analysis Library Mgt. RCI - Rockwell Collins Inc. GIT - Georgia Tech UIUC - U. Illinois Zuken Visula Design Information ECAD Tool CADIF LKSoft CADIF-AP210 Model Integrators Standards-based Repository STEP AP210, STEP AP2xx, Internal Schemas,etc. Other Design Tools Component Pkg. Modeler Mfg. Tools Process Planner Mfg. Information Design/Mfg. Model Mgt. Other CAD/E/X Tools Boeing REF Rules Execution Tool DFX Analysis Results GIT RDD Model Creator Model Transformer Augmented Design/Mfg. Model UIUC Browser DFX Results Reviewer Feedback for Design Readiness / Changes Simulation/Analysis Model Execution & Mgt. X = manufacturing, test,...

26. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 26 Model-Centric Framework with Rodon/UpTime

27. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 27 Information Capture Gaps Tool A 1 Tool A n... “dumb” information capture a. Computer-insensible (just human-sensible presentation) and/or b. Missing highest-level intent Legend Content Coverage Gaps Content Semantic Gaps Example computer-insensible “dumb” figures Collective Systems Model Content Coverage and Content Semantics

28. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 28 Circuit Board Design Enrichment http://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/nist-warpage/ 2. XaiTools stackup model (via AP210) 2.a - as-imported (content gaps) 1. ECAD model 2.b - after specifying stackup design

29. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 29 Typical Semantic Gaps in MS Word Models See http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/seminars-etc/2002-04-shinshu-peak/ WYSINWYG: What You See Is (Often) Not What You Get WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get...

30. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 30 Sample Model-Centric Framework http://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/nist-warpage/ Eagle Producer Tools Mentor Graphics Electrical CAD Tools AP210 Doors Slate Systems Engineering Tools NX CATIA Mechanical CAD Tools … AP203, AP214AP233, SysML Collective Systems Model XaiTools PWA-B Enricher Tools (Gap-Fillers) XaiTools PWA-B Stackup ToolWarpage Simulation Tool AP210AP210+ Standards-based Submodels XaiTools XE Consumer Tools

31. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 31 Information Management: Intermediate/Advanced Concepts Model-Centric Frameworks –Typical Patterns Collective system model Produce, merge, enrich, consume –Typical Issues/Gaps Content coverage gaps Content semantic gaps Associativity gaps

32. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 32 e se tr P f 0 2   2 1 e be ht P Cf  ),,( 13 hbrfK  Channel Fitting Analysis Sample Associativity Gaps Analysis Model (with Idealized Features) Detailed Design Model Idealizations   1 : b = cavity3.inner_width + rib8.thickness/2 + rib9.thickness/2  “It is no secret that CAD models are driving more of today’s product development processes... With the growing number of design tools on the market, however, the interoperability gap with downstream applications, such as finite element analysis, is a very real problem. As a result, CAD models are being recreated at unprecedented levels.” Ansys/ITI press Release, July 6 1999 http://www.ansys.com/webdocs/VisitAnsys/CorpInfo/PR/pr-060799.html No explicit fine-grained CAD-CAE associativity

33. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 33 ~1 Million Associativity Gaps http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2003-asme-detc-peak/ Categories of Gap Costs Associativity time & labor - Manual maintenance - Little re-use - Lost knowledge Inconsistencies Limited analysis usage - Fewer parts analyzed - Fewer iterations per part “Wrong” values - Too conservative: Extra part costs and performance inefficiencies - Too loose: Re-work, failures, law suits Initial Cost Estimate per Complex Product (only for manual maintenance costs of structural analysis problems)

34. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 34 Contents Information Management Principles –Fundamental Things –Intermediate / Advanced Concepts Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling –SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) –Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

35. Enhancing Education Using Graph-based Knowledge Representations Source: FS Cowan, M Usselman, D Llewellyn, A Gravitt (2003) Utilizing Constraint Graphs in High School Physics. Proc. ASEE Annual Conf. & Expo. http://www.cetl.gatech.edu/services/step/constraint.pdfhttp://www.cetl.gatech.edu/services/step/constraint.pdf “I believe this will be helpful to others because I have been doing the same thing in my head to organize and understand the equations and to help me solve problems successfully.” [~Student Comment~] Initial results with high school physics class: Students using knowledge graphs did 70% better

36. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 36 Product Development Knowledge Graph Source: Chris Paredis, 2004 Typical Current Issues R R R R R R R R R R DesignersSuppliers R R R R R R R R R R R R RR R R R R ManufacturingAnalysts Implicit Not Computer- interpretable Not Interoperable Coarse-grained PDM CAD1 CAD2 FEM Process Planning R

37. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 37 Next-Gen. PSLM Framework with Fine-Grain Knowledge Graphs

38. 38 Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. Analysis Tools Flexible High Diversity Design-Analysis Integration Phases 1-3 Airframe Examples: “Bike Frame” / Flap Support Inboard Beam Simulation Templates (CBAMs) of Diverse Feature:Mode, & Fidelity Design Tools Materials DB FEA Elfini* MATDB-like Analyzable Product Model XaiTools Fitting: Bending/Shear 3D 1.5D Modular, Reusable Template Libraries MCAD Tools CATIA v4, v5 Lug: Axial/Oblique; Ultimate/Shear 1.5D Assembly: Ultimate/ FailSafe/Fatigue* * = Item not yet available in toolkit (all others have working examples) Fasteners DB FASTDB-like General Math Mathematica In-House Codes Image API (CATGEO); VBScript http://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/boeing-psi/

39. 39 Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. Lug Template Applied to an Airframe Analysis Problem Composable Object (COB)-based constraint schematic - instance view Solution Tool Interaction Boundary Condition Objects (links to other analyses) CAD-CAE Associativity (idealization usage) Material Models Model-based Documentation Geometry Requirements Legend: Annotations highlight model knowledge capture capabilities. Other notation is COB constraint schematics notation. Classical COB Notation [Peak, 1993; Tamburini, 1999; Wilson, 2000] CBAM

40. 40 Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. Fitting Analysis Template Applied to “Bike Frame” Bulkhead COB-based CBAM constraint schematic - instance view e se tr P f 0 2   2 1 e be ht P Cf  ),,( 13 hbrfK  18 associativity relations COB = composable object Classical COB Notation [Peak, 1993; Tamburini, 1999; Wilson, 2000]

41. 41 Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. Simulation-Based Design Knowledge Representation A Conceptual Framework for Modeling & Simulation http://eislab.gatech.edu/research/dai/ Design Models Analysis Models Other Model Abstractions (Patterns) Idealization & Associativity Relations Product- Specific Product- Independent Multi-Representation Architecture (MRA)

42. 42 Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2003-asme-detc-peak/ http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2003-asme-detc-peak/ Preliminary Characterization of CAD-CAE Interoperability Problem Estimated quantities for all structural analyses of a complex system (airframe) Design Models Analysis Models Other Model Abstractions (Patterns) Idealization & Associativity Relations O(100) tools O(10K) template types and O(100K) template instances O(100) building blocks O(10K) relevant parts

43. 43 Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. Preliminary Characterization of CAD-CAE Interoperability Problem Estimated quantities for all structural analyses of a complex system (airframe) - cont. O(100K) template instances containing O(1M) associativity relations associativity gap = computer-insensible relation  ~1M gaps CAD-CAE associativity relations are represented as APM-ABB relations, APM  ABB, inside CBAMs

44. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 44 Primary website http://www.omgsysml.org/ SysML focus at Georgia Tech http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/ What is SysML? “The OMG Systems Modeling Language is a visual modeling language for systems engineering applications. SysML supports the specification, analysis, design, verification, and validation of a broad range of systems and systems-of-systems. These systems may include hardware, software, information, processes, personnel, and facilities.”

45. Spring System Example SysML Diagrams INCOSE Symposium 2007 papers - http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/

46. Copyright © Sörman Information & Media AB The Generations of Modeling Paradigms 3rd Generation: Component-Based Model One model – Multiple scenarios Failures – Multiple combinations of structural changes energy

47. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 47 Design-Simulation Knowledge Graph Flap Linkage Model—A Benchmark Design-Analysis Example INCOSE Symposium 2007 papers - http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/

48. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 48 Flap Linkage Design Model SysML Block Definition Diagram (bdd) - basic view v. 2007-04-19

49. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 49 Flap Linkage Design Model SysML Parametric Diagram (par)

50. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 50 Design-Simulation Knowledge Graph Flap Linkage Model—A Benchmark Design-Analysis Example INCOSE Symposium 2007 papers - http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/

51. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 51 Linkage Simulation Templates & Generic Building Blocks SysML Block Definition Diagram (bdd) - basic view Design- specific simulation templates Design- independent analytical building blocks

52. Libraries of Analysis Building Blocks (ABBs) Material Model & Continuum ABBs SysML Diagrams modular re-usage (a) (b) (c)

53. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 53 Linkage Simulation Templates & Generic Building Blocks SysML Block Definition Diagram (bdd) - basic view Design- specific simulation templates Design- independent analytical building blocks

54. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 54 Analysis Template: Linkage Extensional Model COB-based CBAM - SysML Parametric Diagram v. 2005-12-19 Solving supported via math tool execution APM ABB CBAM SMM

55. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 55 Analysis Template Instance: Linkage Extensional Model Executable parametric model in XaiTools COB browser—an object-oriented spreadsheet. Detailed CAD data from CATIA Idealized analysis features in APM Explicit multi-directional associativity between design & analysis Modular generic building blocks (ABBs) Library data for materials Focal Point of CAD-CAE Integration example 1, state 1 XFW v1.0.0.t02

56. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 56 FEA-based Analysis Template Linkage Plane Stress Model SysML Parametric Diagram

57. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 57 Flap Linkage Design Verification: System Context SysML Requirements Diagram

58. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 58 Simulation Template-based Test Case Execution for Requirements Verification

59. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 59 Benefits of Templates & Component-based Modeling

60. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 60 Contents Information Management Principles –Fundamental Things –Intermediate / Advanced Concepts Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling –SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) –Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

61. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 61 Conclusion Hopefully you have found useful a Thing...... or Two

62. Copyright © 2007 Georgia Tech. All Rights Reserved. 62 Quiz Content semantic gaps –Describe one or more after-sales applications [50 pts.] Content coverage gaps –Describe one or more after-sales applications [50 pts.]