1. Genetics!

2. Concept Map!

3. Objectives Analyze Meiosis and Mitosis Discuss Gregor Mendel and his contributions to genetics

4. Essential Question Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he study?

5. Back in the Day Gregor Mendel THE FATHER OF GENETICS 1822-1884 Priest Study the inheritance traits in pea plants Not recognized until the 20 th century

6. What did Mendel Study?

7. What did this mean? Selective Breeding Crossbreeding Heritability –What traits get passed on?

8. What about today? Crossbreeding breeds registered Cross bred crops –Aprium, Pluot, Grapple Cross Bred Animals –Black Baldie, Labordoodle Biotechnology –Fish in Strawberries to prevent freezer burn –Sub- arctic fish genes pumped into strawberries

9. Let’s Break it Down Where is the information coming from? Where is it stored? What does it look like? What information is carried?

10. Where is the info coming from? Parents

11. Where is it stored? Cells

12. Mitosis Activity: Please draw on a separate sheet of paper Mitosis. On the back we will draw Meiosis

13. Meiosis

14. What does it look like? Genotype Phenotype

15. What information is carried? Chromosomes

16. Why follow genetics? Pedigree

17. Activities Video; Intro to Genetics united Streaming

18. Vocabulary Heritability Gregor Mendel Gene Chromosome Genotype Phenotype Pedigree Gamete Cross Breeding Selective Breeding Mitosis Meiosis

19. Genetics! The Punnett Square

20. Objectives Analyze heritable traits Calculate heritability using Punnett Square Method

21. Essential Question What does the Punnett Square represent/ Calculate?

22. It started with a Pea [plant]

23. What is a Punnett Square? an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross

24. More than 1 trait

25. Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid

26. What does it mean? We can follow traits

27. How to Punnett Square [Dance]

28. Reading the Results PERCENTAGES RATIOS 1:2:1 AA:Aa:aa

29. Let’s Practice Worksheet- Due at the end of class for credit

30. F2 Generations: Of worksheet 2 problems 1. Heterozygous brown mouse offspring crossed with a tan mouse 2. Heterozygous rabbit offspring crossed with a brown rabbit 3. Red offspring flower crossed with a white flower 4. Heterozygous offspring crossed with short plant 5. Homozygous white rabbit crossed offspring crossed with black rabbit.

31. Vocabulary Punnett Square Heritability Monohybrid Dihybrid

32. What do we look for?

33. Objectives Identify traits in animal breeding that are desirable based on breed and that are heritable

34. Essential Question Where do you find information on heritable breed traits?

35. General Concepts Certain traits are heritable Hybrid vigor Purebred

36. Dogs What kind of traits would you want in YOUR dog? If you had: –Children –Small apartment –Sheep herd –Loved running ?

37. Dogs Temperament can be bred for! –Especially aggression Watch for heritable health risks –Eye Problems Irish Setters and Progressive Retinal Atrophy Collie Eye Anomaly Cataracts Entropion (eyelids turn in or out)

38. Dogs- Heritable Health Contin Hips and Joints –Hip dysplasia Malformation/degeneration of the hip joint. –Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Shetland Sheepdog –Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD) Bone spur or flake wears away at joint. –Present in dogs with OCD –Pateller Luxation Elbow/kneecap slides out of place locking leg –Occurs more in smaller dogs

39. Cats- Heritable Health Polydactyly Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy –Heart muscle thickens Main Coon Cats Progressive Retinal Atrophy Diabetes –Burmese Feline Infectious Peritonitis –Some cats have a predisposition to the development of FIA

40. Cattle – Dairy Cattle Milk production Milk Fat Content Efficiency –Feed intake to Milk Output Calving ability

41. Sire Summary in Cow/Calf Op.s Evaluation report Birth weightWeaning weightYearling weightMaternal breeding value EPDACCEPDACCEPDACCEBVACCDTS Bull A-1.60.81-2.70.79-3.20.721020.8013 Bull B+2.40.90+39.10.91+70.00.831030.7611 Bull C+8.30.97+53.80.97+80.40.89930.665 Advantage for progeny weaning weights Bull B vs. Bull A + 41.8 pounds Bull C vs. Bull A + 56.5 pounds Bull C vs. Bull B + 14.7 pounds ACC = accuracy DTS = number of daughters Table 1 Example of sire summary data from the 1984 Angus sire summary University of Missouri: Extension

42. EPD EPD: Expected Progeny Difference: express the genetic transmitting ability of a sire. The EPD is reported as a plus or minus value in the unit in which the trait is measured. EPDs are calculated from a sire's progeny data. All bulls listed in the sire summary can be directly compared using EPD values. EPDs are an estimate of how a bull's progeny would be expected to perform compared to any other bull listed in the same summary.

43. ACC ACC: Accuracy is a measure of how much the EPD value might change as additional progeny data become available. Sires with more calves in several different herds will have higher accuracy figures Select bulls to use based upon their EPD values and use the accuracy figure to determine how much to use a bull.

44. MBV Maternal Breeding Value (MBV) describes how daughters of a bull are expected to produce compared to other cows in a herd. Once a bull's own daughters come into production, the MBV is calculated using the records of his own daughters in addition to those of his sire and paternal and maternal grandsires. Estimates of MBVs come from pedigree analysis, not sire evaluation

45. DTS Number of Daughters. Why would this information be needed or relevant?

46. Why perform strict analysis? Both commercial and seedstock producers should find sire summaries useful. A producer using AI can obtain semen from bulls that are superior in the traits of interest. Summaries also can be used to identify herds that excel in genetic merit and vice versa. A breeder who has several superior bulls listed in the report is a more reliable source of bulls than either the breeder who has no bulls listed or the breeder who has poorer than average bulls listed in the summary.

47. Evaluating EPD’s Exercise Worth 50 points Using the booklet provided at your TABLE please: –1. Read the Packet! –2. Formulate a Vocabulary sheet for ALL vocab words defined (all the abbreviations) –3. Answer the worksheet questions in groups. –4. Write down any questions you have. –Due Thursday!!!!!!

48. Once Finished EPD worksheet Summary Paper –1 paragraph double spaced »Define the purpose of a Sire Summary. Who benefits from the sire summaries? What do sire summaries mean for producers? What information is provided on a sire summary?

49. Genetic Terms to know

50. Objectives Define terms normally used when explaining and discussing genetics

51. Essential Question Why is using appropriate terminology important in Veterinary Science?

52. Genetic Vocabulary Review

53. Co Dominance A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other Example: Roan coloring in cattle

54. Roan Coloring in Cattle R is Red W is white F1 Generation –All Roan F2 Generation –25% Red –50% Roan –25% White –1:2:1 Ratio RR WRW W RW RRRRW W WW

55. Sex Limited Genes Gene that exerts its effects primarily in one sex because of activation by androgens or estrogens Both sexes may have the gene Example hen/rooster feathering

56. Hen/Rooster Feathering GenotypeFemale Phenotype Male Phenotype HHHen feathering HhHen feathering hhHen featheringCock Feathering

57. Sex Determination Mammals –Determined at moment of fertilization –Female has regular chromosomes plus an XX –Male has only 1 sex chromosome Y Birds –Females determine the sex of the offspring Ma.XY XXXXY XXXXY Bi.ZZ ZZZ WZW

58. Sex Influenced Genes Trait expressed to different extents depending on the sex of the individual. Normally phenotypically recognized Examples –Male pattern baldness in humans (comes from your mother) –Horns in sheep –Spotting in cattle

59. Sex Linked Characteristics Genes carried on the sex chromosome Example barred feather coloring in chickens ZbZb ZbZb ZBZB Z B Z b WZ b W

60. Genetics Activities Chromosomes and Genes –Simulation Activity Dihybrid Guinea Pigs Design a Species Hardy-Weinburg?

61. Genetics in Animals Using the terms learned today. Find examples other than those used in the presentation to help define 1 vocabulary word from today Vocab –Sex Linked - Codominance –Sex influenced - Sex limited

62. Gene Behavior Middletown High School Spring 2009

63. Objectives Discuss common gene behavior

64. Essential Question What types of gene behavior might appear as a phenotypic result

65. Linkage Tendency for certain traits to appear in groups in the offspring Genes closer together on the chromosome are more likely to stay together

66. Crossover During meiosis chromosomes line up closely Sometimes the genes jump and cross over forming new chromosomes with different combinations of genes The farther apart two genes are on a chromosome the more likely they are to make a new combination

67. Mutation New trait appears that did not exist in parents Some are harmful some are beneficial Radiation will cause genes to mutate Example: Polled Herefords –Cross between to horned resulted in polled –Polled is dominant – one parent must be polled

68. Mutation Activity: Library 10/14 11:30-12:30pm Research a mutation Write a paragraph summary describing the condition, what causes the condition, and if the condition benefits or harms the animal. Provide sources in APA format have at least 2 This will be presented, and collected for grading. COMPLETE SENTENCES please

69. Final Vocabulary Mutation Crossover Linkage Sex linked Sex influenced Sex limited Co-Dominance DTS EPD MBV ACC Hybrid Vigor Punnett Square Heritability Monohybrid Dihybrid Heritability Gregor Mendel Gene Chromosome Genotype Phenotype Pedigree Gamete Cross Breeding Selective Breeding Mitosis Meiosis

70. Test Review: Define: Gregor Mendel, Gamete, Genotype, Phenotype, Mitosis, Meiosis, Heritability, Punnett Square, Co Dominance, Sex Limited, Sex Linked, Cross Over, Mutation, Linkage 1. How do you perform a punnett square? know the steps! 2. Sex limited: What is it? What is the Example? What does this look like in a Table? 3. Co- Dominance: What is an example of Codominance? What would the punnett square look like for the F1 anf F2 generation? 4. Sex Linked: What is an example ? What would the Punnett Square look like