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Evolution of US National Security Strategy. US Strategies National Security Strategy (Pres) National Security Strategy National Defense Strategy (SecDef)

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Presentation on theme: "Evolution of US National Security Strategy. US Strategies National Security Strategy (Pres) National Security Strategy National Defense Strategy (SecDef)"— Presentation transcript:

1 Evolution of US National Security Strategy

2 US Strategies National Security Strategy (Pres) National Security Strategy National Defense Strategy (SecDef) National Defense Strategy National Military Strategy (CJCS) National Military Strategy Quadrennial Defense Review (SecDef) Quadrennial Defense Review Annual Report of the SecDef to Congress (SecDef) Annual Report All from DoD Historical OfficeDoD Historical Office

3 Decision Process National Security Strategy of the US Defense Guidance National Military Strategy of the US QDR Annual Report Force Posture CONGRESS

4 Guidelines Isolationism /Nationalism vs.Internationalism RealismIdealism liberalism liberalismWilsonianism Balance of power Hegemonic realism

5 RealismIdealism Priority on spreading balance of powerspreading US values

6 Continuities? Patterns? 1. 1789-1950s: Debate 2. 1940s-1952: Decision to Lead 1. Balance of power? 2. Hegemony? 3. Free Trade and Commerce 4. Spreading Democracy** 5. Nervousness about Commitments

7 Threat and Response 1. 1. How do we define the threat? 2. 2. How do we define the US role? 3. 3. How many and what types of wars do we prepare for? 4. 4. How do we respond to changes in the threat?

8 Since WW II 1. Cold War 1945-1990 2. Post-Cold War 1990-2001 3. Post-September 11: 2001 to present Each era defined by the nature of the threat

9 1. Cold War Stable and relatively predictable threat Stable and relatively predictable threat Dilemma: Total war is not an option Dilemma: Total war is not an option 45 years of developing strategies to compete with and live with the USSR 45 years of developing strategies to compete with and live with the USSR

10 Defining the Threat Soviet Union and Communism

11 Defining US Role “Truman Doctrine” Containing Spread of Communism and Soviet Power Speech, March 1947 Containment: Kennan’s Long Telegram as published in Foreign Affairs, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X”, 1947“The Sources of Soviet Conduct”

12 Strategy 1. 1. Nuclear Deterrence 2. 2. Forward Presence 3. 3. Peacetime Military Buildup A. A. NSC-68 (1950) NSC-68 4. 4. Own the sea 5. 5. NATO 6. 6. Limited War

13 2. Forward Presence

14 6. Limited War Korean War 1950-1953 Fight locally Prevent escalation Geography Weapons Objectives Negotiate and fight

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16 Legacy of Truman Strategy Core Strategy 1. 1. Nuclear Deterrence 2. 2. Forward Presence 3. 3. Peacetime Military Strength 4. 4. Own the sea 5. 5. NATO and other alliances 6. 6. Free Trade and Commerce 7. 7. Spread Democracy**

17 Shift in Strategy under Ike The New Look Greater reliance on nuclear weapons Conventional weapons cuts No limited war “Never Again Club” Reliance on regional alliances and allies

18 JFK: Renewed Focus on “Wars of Liberation”

19 Strategy Flexible Response Flexible Response Large Defense Buildup Large Defense Buildup Two and ½ War Strategy Two and ½ War Strategy 1. Europe 2. East Asia ½ War: Counterinsurgency ½ War: Counterinsurgency

20 Vietnam War

21 Insurgency/Counterinsurgency (for reference only) Insurgent/Guerrilla Tactics Not taking territory Hit and run strikes on economic, governmental, and military targets Create shadow political structure Make government look weak, incompetent Win support of the people Collapse government through intimidation and loss of popular support Then take over nation Counterinsurgency (COIN) Protect territory Protect government, economic, and military infrastructure Hunt down guerrillas Hunt down political supporters of enemy Stabilize government Win support of the people Nation-building

22 1950s-1960s: Change in the Threat Sino-Soviet Split

23 Nixon Strategy 1. Containment through détente Arms control with USSR SALT Opening to China

24 Nixon (continued) 2. 1 ½ war strategy 1. Europe ½ in Korea or Middle East ½ in Korea or Middle East 3. Regional Threats? Nixon Doctrine Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A) Remarks July 25, 1969 Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969 Address to the nation

25 1979-1981 Redefinition of Threat Iranian Revolution Iranian Revolution Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

26 “Arc of Crisis”

27 New Strategy (Carter) 1. Two War Strategy 1. Europe 2. Persian Gulf Region 1. Carter Doctrine Carter Doctrine Carter Doctrine 2. Establish RDJTF (Central Command) 2. End Détente with USSR 1. But crisis brings US-PRC closer 3. Large US military Buildup

28 Reagan Response to New Cold War, End of Detente 1. 1. Military Buildup Nuclear forces 600 ship Navy 2. 2. Type of War? Sounds like Total War 3. 3. But Use of US force—minor Doctrine of Overwhelming Force (Weinberger or Powell Doctrine) Doctrine of Overwhelming Force 4. 4. Reagan Doctrine

29 The Cold War Ends

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34 Active Duty Military Personnel, 1940 – 2011 Military personnel on extended or continuous active duty. Excludes reserves on active duty for training. Source: Department of Defense. NOTE: Figures for 1998 through August 2007 include cadets/midshipmen. YearArmyAir ForceNavyMarine CorpsTotal 1940269,023160,99728,345458,365 19458,266,3733,319,586469,92512,055,884 1950593,167411,277380,73974,2791,459,462 19551,109,296959,946660,695205,1702,935,107 1960873,078814,752616,987170,6212,475,438 1965969,066824,662669,985190,2132,653,926 19701,322,548791,349691,126259,7373,064,760 1975784,333612,751535,085195,9512,128,120 1980777,036557,969527,153188,4692,050,627 1985780,787601,515570,705198,0252,151,032 1990732,403535,233579,417196,6522,043,705 1995508,559400,409434,617174,6391,518,224 2000482,170355,654373,193173,3211,384,338 2005488,944351,666358,700178,7041,378,014 2011 (Sept.)565,463333,370325,123201,1571,468,364

35 US Navy size 1945-2011 US Navy size 1945-2011 http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org9- 4.htm#1945 http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org9- 4.htm#1945 Dept of the Army historical summaries http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshe lves/collect/dahsum.html Dept of the Army historical summaries http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshe lves/collect/dahsum.html http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshe lves/collect/dahsum.html http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshe lves/collect/dahsum.html AF stats http://www.afhso.af.mil/usafstatistics/ AF stats http://www.afhso.af.mil/usafstatistics/ http://www.afhso.af.mil/usafstatistics/


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