1. Unit 4: Jacksonian Democracy/The Young Nation Chapter 11: The Great Transformation – Growth & Expansion 1828-1848

2. Characteristics of the Antebellum South Primarily agrarian Very slow development of industrialization Economic power shifted from the “upper south” to the “lower south” “Cotton is King!” Slave labor

3. Southern Agriculture

4. Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860

5. Value of Cotton Exports as % of all US Exports

6. Social Classes of the South Planters Made up about 5% of white population, but controlled large amounts of the best land & the most slaves Owned 20 or more slaves Plantation mistress bore heavy burden of responsibility Socially & politically dominant

7. Social Classes of the South Small slaveholders Made up about 20% of white population Owned less than 20 slaves Frequently on the move looking for better land & profits

8. Slave-Owning Population 1850

9. Social Classes of the South Yeoman Largest group of southern whites (about 2/3) No slaves Owned their own farms & focused primarily on food crops for self-sufficiency Did grow some cash crops & desired to become slaveholders

10. Social Classes of the South Poor Whites Made up about 10% of white population Owned no land & no slaves Often squatters or laborers on other farms

11. Southern Population

12. Life as a Slave Differed based on many variables Only were provided the bare necessities (food, clothing, housing) Most slaves were employed as field hands Others were house slaves or worked in non-field occupations Viewed as property, not humans

13. Early Emancipation in the North

14. Factors Contributing to the Early Industrial Revolution Govt. protection of rights & inventions in the Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause) Govt. support for crucial developments in transportation – canals, roads, railroads Tariffs to protect domestic manufacturers (Tariff of 1816, 1824, 1828) Development of corporations with limited liability Improved education system The Embargo & War of 1812, both which stimulated a need for domestic manufacturers

15. Factors Contributing to the Early Industrial Revolution… Cheap labor People moved off the farms & into the cities Increased immigration New inventions Eli Whitney’s concept of interchangeable parts Samuel Slater’s textile mill Oliver Evan’s steam engine Supreme Court decisions took power away from the states Stable currency under the Second Bank of the U.S.

16. Moving West

17. Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward to the Pacific Used to gain public support for American territorial expansion ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth.” – John L. O’Sullivan

18. Oregon Country Fur traders, land speculators, & people searching for gold traveled the Oregon Trail from St. Louis to the Pacific NW 1830s Missionaries reported the beauty of the land Resulted in “Oregon Fever” of the 1840s

19. Oregon Country Democrats in 1844 election called for U.S. ownership of all of Oregon Oregon Treaty (1846) extended the existing U.S. – Canada boundary at the 49 th parallel west to the Pacific

20. Trails Westward

21. Mormon Community Founded by Joseph Smith 1832 Forced to migrate to Illinois due to religious persecution Under the new leadership of Bringham Young, they moved to the valley of the Great Salt Lake Didn’t accept strangers & made it difficult for non-Mormons to stay in the region, except Indians, who occupied a central place in Mormon sacred literature

22. The Texas Question State in the Republic of Mexico since 1822 By 1835, thousands of Americans had migrated to Texas after the Mexican govt. offered land grants to settlers With foreigners flooding in, the Mexican govt. saw their power base erode, so they attempted to tighten their control Texans responded by proclaiming independence in 1836

23. The Texas Question Mexican dictator Santa Anna advanced north & annihilated the Texan garrisons at the Alamo

24. The Texas Question Texans refused to give up Led by Sam Houston, the Texans finally defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto River Treaty of Velasco (1836) recognized Texas’s independence & acknowledged the Rio Grande as the border between Texas & Mexico Treaty was never ratified by the Mexican govt.

25. The Texas Question Houston asked the U.S. govt. to annex Texas, but Jackson said no Concerned about the revival of the slavery issue President Tyler finally admitted Texas to the Union in 1845

26. Early Railroads Rapid expansion in the West created an increased demand for transportation & communication between the West & the rest of the nation 1828 Maryland chartered the B & O Railroad, using a steam locomotive Rail transport couldn’t rival water-based transportation Problems No coherent network of track No standard track size Boiler explosions, fires, & derailments