1. WORK, LEISURE & RETIREMENT

2. Why Work? material needs material needs self-esteem, self aspect self-esteem, self aspect social acceptance social acceptance social status, respect from others social status, respect from others entry to the adult world entry to the adult world source of fulfillment, challenge, autonomy, satisfaction,enjoyment source of fulfillment, challenge, autonomy, satisfaction,enjoyment activity and structure in life activity and structure in life social contact social contact generativity generativity

3. MEANING OF WORK Work means different things to different people,partly on their own characteristics, but also based on the nature of the work itself. Work means different things to different people,partly on their own characteristics, but also based on the nature of the work itself. Work may symbolize independence, financial security, living up to social expectations and paying one’s dues & personal well being Work may symbolize independence, financial security, living up to social expectations and paying one’s dues & personal well being

4. MEANING OF WORK Work allow people to express and develop aspects of the self and to meet personal needs and aspirations Work allow people to express and develop aspects of the self and to meet personal needs and aspirations The meaning of work apparently changes with age The meaning of work apparently changes with age Work also plays a major organizing role in society, structuring both time and activities Work also plays a major organizing role in society, structuring both time and activities

5. Occupation & Careers The term occupation is applied to all forms of work The term occupation is applied to all forms of work Career is sometimes reserved for prestigious occupation Career is sometimes reserved for prestigious occupation Ritzer (1977)- people who have careers stay in one occupational field and progress through a series of stages to achieve upward mobility, greater responsibility, mastery, financial compensation Ritzer (1977)- people who have careers stay in one occupational field and progress through a series of stages to achieve upward mobility, greater responsibility, mastery, financial compensation

6. SOCIAL STATUS AND OCCUPATION Workers are not all viewed as equally valuable Workers are not all viewed as equally valuable Occupational status is correlated with intellectual ability and achievement, although not perfectly Occupational status is correlated with intellectual ability and achievement, although not perfectly

7. Five general levels of workers can be identified Five general levels of workers can be identified marginal marginal blue-collar blue-collar pink-collar pink-collar white -collar white -collar executives & professional executives & professional

8. MARGINAL WORKERS Work occasionally, but never long enough with one employer to establish a continuos occupational history. Work occasionally, but never long enough with one employer to establish a continuos occupational history. Unstable work patterns are due to several factors,such as the lack of necessary language or abilities, discrimination, a criminal record or physical & mental disorders. Unstable work patterns are due to several factors,such as the lack of necessary language or abilities, discrimination, a criminal record or physical & mental disorders.

9. BLUE-COLLAR OCCUPATION Do not require formal education past high school and may be based more on physical than intellectual skills. Do not require formal education past high school and may be based more on physical than intellectual skills. Offer little mobility ; moves typically reflect changes for better pay or job security or result from unemployed Offer little mobility ; moves typically reflect changes for better pay or job security or result from unemployed

10. PINK COLLAR OCCUPATIONS Are held primarily by women Are held primarily by women do not pay high wages do not pay high wages example : example : office & clerical worker office & clerical worker bank teller bank teller receptionist receptionist

11. WHITE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS Are in offices rather than in factories or outdoors Are in offices rather than in factories or outdoors Skills are required Skills are required require formal education beyond high school require formal education beyond high school

12. EXECUTIVES AND PROFESSIONAL Have the highest status as well as the highest education Have the highest status as well as the highest education In the optimal position to control their own occupational development and to obtain the rewards that most workers cannot. In the optimal position to control their own occupational development and to obtain the rewards that most workers cannot. Comparisons among them are usually not in terms of salaries but in how far and how quickly they progress. Comparisons among them are usually not in terms of salaries but in how far and how quickly they progress.

13. THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK Traditional view of work assumes that one’s job consists of certain set task that need to performed Traditional view of work assumes that one’s job consists of certain set task that need to performed The view of work has changed because of globalization The view of work has changed because of globalization Occupational flexibility and learning continuity Occupational flexibility and learning continuity Organizations must respond rapidly to market conditions that change quick Organizations must respond rapidly to market conditions that change quick

14. OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE Our work life serves as major source of our identity, provides us with an official position, influences our lifestyle and social interaction Our work life serves as major source of our identity, provides us with an official position, influences our lifestyle and social interaction The decisions people make occupations may change over time The decisions people make occupations may change over time

16. OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE 2 issues in deciding on occupation are important: 2 issues in deciding on occupation are important: Personality and Interest Personality and Interest Self Efficacy Self Efficacy

17. Personality and Interest Holland (1973,1985), developed a theory of choosing work. Holland (1973,1985), developed a theory of choosing work. People choose occupations to optimize the fit between their individual traits and their occupational interests. People choose occupations to optimize the fit between their individual traits and their occupational interests. Categorizes occupations in two ways: Categorizes occupations in two ways: By the interpersonal settings in which people must function By the interpersonal settings in which people must function By their associated lifestyle By their associated lifestyle

18. Personality and Interest Holland identified 6 personality types that combine these factors; see table 9.1 Holland identified 6 personality types that combine these factors; see table 9.1 The congruence between traits and occupational selection in Holland’s Theory exist at the level of interest not at the level of performance requirement. The congruence between traits and occupational selection in Holland’s Theory exist at the level of interest not at the level of performance requirement. Holland Theory’s doesn’t mean that personality completely determines what occupation on choose. Holland Theory’s doesn’t mean that personality completely determines what occupation on choose.

21. Personality and Interest Men and women are differentially represented in Holland’s type. Men and women are differentially represented in Holland’s type. Holland’s Theory ignores the context in which the decision is made Holland’s Theory ignores the context in which the decision is made In short, we must recognize what occupation we choose is related not only to what we are like but also to the dynamic interplay between us and the social institution we are in. In short, we must recognize what occupation we choose is related not only to what we are like but also to the dynamic interplay between us and the social institution we are in.

22. SELF-EFFICACY Occupational choice is strongly influenced by what we think of ourselves. Occupational choice is strongly influenced by what we think of ourselves. Regardless of age, we evaluate our abilities in terms of our strengths and weaknesses – self efficacy (Bandura,1986). Regardless of age, we evaluate our abilities in terms of our strengths and weaknesses – self efficacy (Bandura,1986). Self-efficacy theory also helps us understand differences between men and women in occupational choices. Self-efficacy theory also helps us understand differences between men and women in occupational choices.

23. Self-efficacy is belief in one's capacity to succeed at tasks. General self-efficacy is belief in one's general capacity to handle tasks. Specific self-efficacy refers to beliefs about one's ability to perform specific tasks (e.g., driving, public speaking, studying, etc.)

24. THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT CAREER Super’s Theory Super’s Theory Ginzberg’s Theory Ginzberg’s Theory

25. Super’s Theory Donald Super (1980,1994), maintained that occupational choices are influenced mostly by self-concept. Donald Super (1980,1994), maintained that occupational choices are influenced mostly by self-concept. Suggests that occupational choice is a continuous developmental process from adolescence to old age. Suggests that occupational choice is a continuous developmental process from adolescence to old age.

26. Super’s theory suggest the presence of five stages in vocational choice becomes more or less successful Super’s theory suggest the presence of five stages in vocational choice becomes more or less successful Implementation Implementation Establishment Establishment Maintenance Maintenance Deceleration Deceleration Retirement Retirement

27. Implementation Adolescents simply try out a number of part- or full-time jobs to explore the world of work. Adolescents simply try out a number of part- or full-time jobs to explore the world of work. involves finding the boundaries of acceptable work-role behavior: dress, communication, social networks, supervisors expectancies involves finding the boundaries of acceptable work-role behavior: dress, communication, social networks, supervisors expectancies Exploration is healthy and a reflection of self-concept Exploration is healthy and a reflection of self-concept

28. Mentor-mentee relationship Mentor-mentee relationship 4 phase 4 phase Initiation Initiation Cultivation Cultivation Separation Separation Redefinition Redefinition Implementation

29. Establishment Involves the transition to a specific career choice. Involves the transition to a specific career choice. Increasing commitments to career and advancement as well as greater stability in personal life Increasing commitments to career and advancement as well as greater stability in personal life Greater congruence between self concept an occupational roles Greater congruence between self concept an occupational roles

30. Maintenance Retaining achievements in career and stability in self concept Retaining achievements in career and stability in self concept

31. Deceleration Disengagement from work, preparation for retirement, and develop of new images of the self. Disengagement from work, preparation for retirement, and develop of new images of the self.

32. Retirement The individual physically separates from work and begins to function in life without a career or vocation. The individual physically separates from work and begins to function in life without a career or vocation.

34. GINZBERG’S THEORY Eli Ginzberg (1971,1972), has also developed a stage theory of occupational choice. Eli Ginzberg (1971,1972), has also developed a stage theory of occupational choice. Fantasy Fantasy Tentative Tentative Realistic Realistic

35. Fantasy Occurs as a child imagines and practices various occupations for a few hours, days or weeks. Occurs as a child imagines and practices various occupations for a few hours, days or weeks.

36. Tentative Begins in early adolescence Begins in early adolescence Adolescents may closely monitor (models) in various careers Adolescents may closely monitor (models) in various careers They also read about and discuss occupations with family members and friends. They also read about and discuss occupations with family members and friends.

37. Realistic Begins as the young adult carefully and rationally analyzes careers choices. Begins as the young adult carefully and rationally analyzes careers choices. This stages involves a realistic assessment of the necessary educations, apprentice period, and personal qualities (values, attitudes and aptitudes) required to pursue particular careers. This stages involves a realistic assessment of the necessary educations, apprentice period, and personal qualities (values, attitudes and aptitudes) required to pursue particular careers.

38. GENDER & WORK Adult women & adult men have experienced difference of work because of social and education factors. Adult women & adult men have experienced difference of work because of social and education factors. Work pattern between women& men are difference Work pattern between women& men are difference Gender issues in work place Gender issues in work place

39. AGE & JOB SATISFACTION Job satisfaction is the positive feeling that results from an appraisal of one’s work. Job satisfaction is the positive feeling that results from an appraisal of one’s work. Older workers tend to have more positive feelings about their jobs than younger workers do. Older workers tend to have more positive feelings about their jobs than younger workers do. Midlife – low satisfaction Midlife – low satisfaction

40. WORK PERFORMANCE & AGING Findings from many studies show no relationship between age and the quality of work or effectiveness of work performance Findings from many studies show no relationship between age and the quality of work or effectiveness of work performance Older people hold highly responsible Older people hold highly responsible With age-people improve in the skills required for some kinds of work and decline in other kinds of work behavior. With age-people improve in the skills required for some kinds of work and decline in other kinds of work behavior.

41. Retirement and Leisure

42. RETIREMENT Definition of retirement in 3 ways Definition of retirement in 3 ways As a process As a process As a paradox As a paradox As a change As a change

43. RETIREMENT AS A PROCESS The process of retirement begins as soon as one thinks about what life after employment might be like. The process of retirement begins as soon as one thinks about what life after employment might be like. Usually leads to some sort of planning Usually leads to some sort of planning

44. AS A PARADOX Retirement involves the loss of two very important things that we derive from work: income & status Retirement involves the loss of two very important things that we derive from work: income & status Assume that losing these key aspects of one’s life would be reflected in poor adjustment Assume that losing these key aspects of one’s life would be reflected in poor adjustment They like and enjoy being retired They like and enjoy being retired

45. AS A CHANGE Involves change in almost every aspect of life Involves change in almost every aspect of life Retirees have an advantage that is often overlooked Retirees have an advantage that is often overlooked They have already experienced several disruptive life transition such as marriage, children leaving home, or moving They have already experienced several disruptive life transition such as marriage, children leaving home, or moving They have learned from previous events provides the basis for adjusting to retirement They have learned from previous events provides the basis for adjusting to retirement

46. DECIDING TO RETIRE The decision to retire is an intensely personal one that involves carefully weighing several factors The decision to retire is an intensely personal one that involves carefully weighing several factors More workers retire by choice when they feel financially secure More workers retire by choice when they feel financially secure Others do not retire by choice because of work history, health, financial status and attitudes toward retirement. Others do not retire by choice because of work history, health, financial status and attitudes toward retirement.

47. Married woman’s decision to retire is predicted by her age and her husband’s working, not by the characteristics of he occupation (George, Fillenbaum and Palmore, 1984) Married woman’s decision to retire is predicted by her age and her husband’s working, not by the characteristics of he occupation (George, Fillenbaum and Palmore, 1984) DECIDING TO RETIRE

48. PLANNING FOR RETIREMENT Preretirement education cover a variety of topics Preretirement education cover a variety of topics Finances Finances Attitude Attitude Health Health Expectations Expectations Realistic expectations toward retirement are important predictors of future satisfaction Realistic expectations toward retirement are important predictors of future satisfaction

49. ADJUSTMENT TO RETIREMENT People who are highly work oriented usually have a more difficult time with retirement than people who are less work oriented People who are highly work oriented usually have a more difficult time with retirement than people who are less work oriented Reorientation of values and a need for continuity Reorientation of values and a need for continuity Most people are satisfied with retirement Most people are satisfied with retirement

50. FAMILY, FRIENDS AND COMMUNITY Affects all types of relationship Affects all types of relationship Disrupt long-term friendship and produce stress Disrupt long-term friendship and produce stress Contacts are maintained with children and may even increase Contacts are maintained with children and may even increase Community participation options are increasing for retirees Community participation options are increasing for retirees

51. PHASE OF RETIREMENT Social scientists believe that many people go through a series of phases before and during retirement. Social scientists believe that many people go through a series of phases before and during retirement. Developed by Robert Atchley (1983) Developed by Robert Atchley (1983) He reports that people’s attitudes toward retirement are generally positive regardless of sex or age. He reports that people’s attitudes toward retirement are generally positive regardless of sex or age. Lists 7 phases of retirement Lists 7 phases of retirement

52. Remote phase Near phase Honey moon phase Disen- chantment phase Reorien -tation phase Stability phase Termi- nation phase Preriterment Retire- ment event RetirementEnd of retirement

53. REMOTE PHASES Begin work with the vague belief that they will enjoy the fruits of the labor at some point in the distant future Begin work with the vague belief that they will enjoy the fruits of the labor at some point in the distant future Do nothing to prepare themselves for retirement Do nothing to prepare themselves for retirement They often deny that they will eventually quit working They often deny that they will eventually quit working

54. NEAR PHASE Participate in preretirement programs. Preretirement planning programs help workers make the transition to retirement Participate in preretirement programs. Preretirement planning programs help workers make the transition to retirement Helps people understand the benefits and pensions they can expect to receive as well as discussing more comprehensive issues –physical and mental health Helps people understand the benefits and pensions they can expect to receive as well as discussing more comprehensive issues –physical and mental health

55. HONEYMOON PHASE Occurred just after retirement Occurred just after retirement Be able to do things they never had time for before Be able to do things they never had time for before Gives way to a routine – if satisfying adjustment is successful Gives way to a routine – if satisfying adjustment is successful

56. Disenchantment Preretirement fantasies about the retirement years may be unrealistic Preretirement fantasies about the retirement years may be unrealistic The experience of loss (power, prestige, status, income & purpose) The experience of loss (power, prestige, status, income & purpose) Also experience the loss of specific work roles, loss of routine & work-related friendship Also experience the loss of specific work roles, loss of routine & work-related friendship

57. REORIENTATION PHASE Most individuals who become disenchanted with retirement begin to reason realistically about how to successfully cope with it. Most individuals who become disenchanted with retirement begin to reason realistically about how to successfully cope with it. The major purpose of this reorientation phase is to explore, evaluate & make some decisions about the type of lifestyle that will enhance life satisfaction The major purpose of this reorientation phase is to explore, evaluate & make some decisions about the type of lifestyle that will enhance life satisfaction

58. STABILITY PHASE Is attained when individuals decide on a set of criteria for evaluating choices in retirement Is attained when individuals decide on a set of criteria for evaluating choices in retirement How they will perform once they have made choices How they will perform once they have made choices For some, this phase may occur after honeymoon phase For some, this phase may occur after honeymoon phase

59. TERMINATION PHASE The autonomy and self-sufficiency developed in the stable phase may begin decrease The autonomy and self-sufficiency developed in the stable phase may begin decrease

60. RETIREMENT ADJUSTMENT STYLES Hornstein & Wepner (1985) Hornstein & Wepner (1985) In depth-interview of 24 individuals obtained one month prior to & 6 to 8 moths after following retirement In depth-interview of 24 individuals obtained one month prior to & 6 to 8 moths after following retirement Identified 4 distinctive retirement styles Identified 4 distinctive retirement styles Transition to old age Transition to old age New beginning New beginning Continuation Continuation Imposed disruption Imposed disruption

61. TRANSITION TO OLD AGE Retirement was a time to disengage or wind down rather than undertake new activities. Retirement was a time to disengage or wind down rather than undertake new activities. Retirement marked a transition to old age, much as rites of passages mark transition at other periods of development. Retirement marked a transition to old age, much as rites of passages mark transition at other periods of development. Retirement meant shedding pressure-filled work roles and the adoption of a restful and enjoyable lifestyles Retirement meant shedding pressure-filled work roles and the adoption of a restful and enjoyable lifestyles

62. NEW BEGINNING Retirement as a welcome opportunity Retirement as a welcome opportunity Retirement was marked by feelings of renewal, revitalization & enthusiasm Retirement was marked by feelings of renewal, revitalization & enthusiasm

63. CONTINUATION Retirement carried no major personal impact Retirement carried no major personal impact Were able to continue working Were able to continue working Change position, shifted careers or devote greater time to a special skill, hobby or interest Change position, shifted careers or devote greater time to a special skill, hobby or interest Individuals differentiated preretirement & retirement not by activity, but by the lessened pace and intensity of the work role Individuals differentiated preretirement & retirement not by activity, but by the lessened pace and intensity of the work role

64. IMPOSED DISRUPTION Represented a significant role loss Represented a significant role loss Saw retirement in largely negative terms Saw retirement in largely negative terms Work was a role in which they had invested significant parts of their self- identity. Work was a role in which they had invested significant parts of their self- identity.

65. Effects of Retirement The Individual The Individual Some individuals experience difficulties in retiring, while others not. Some individuals experience difficulties in retiring, while others not. Experience of loss self esteem or depression Experience of loss self esteem or depression Retirement is a stressful event (Bosse et al., 1991) Retirement is a stressful event (Bosse et al., 1991) Responses to retirement vary as a function of number factors: the importance of work for the person, retirement was chosen or forced, occupational level, the extent of psychological & economic preparation Responses to retirement vary as a function of number factors: the importance of work for the person, retirement was chosen or forced, occupational level, the extent of psychological & economic preparation

66. Society Society The allocation of economic resources The allocation of economic resources Affects one’s industry or company both positively and negatively Affects one’s industry or company both positively and negatively Positive –replacing higher-paid Positive –replacing higher-paid Negative –must provide economic support – pension plan, medical insurance, life insurance Negative –must provide economic support – pension plan, medical insurance, life insurance Effects of Retirement

67. Definition of leisure Defining leisure adequately is difficult Defining leisure adequately is difficult One’s person’s leisure activity may be an occupation to another (Burrus-Bammel & Bammel, 1985) One’s person’s leisure activity may be an occupation to another (Burrus-Bammel & Bammel, 1985) Define as any activity in which individuals engage during free time (Kubanoff, 1980) Define as any activity in which individuals engage during free time (Kubanoff, 1980) This definition does not distinguish between activities that are related to a job and those that are not, nor whether activity involves purely self-enjoyment or earning money This definition does not distinguish between activities that are related to a job and those that are not, nor whether activity involves purely self-enjoyment or earning money

68. TYPES OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES 4 major categories 4 major categories Cultural- attending sporting events, religious meeting, movies, club Cultural- attending sporting events, religious meeting, movies, club Physical- bowling, camping, fishing, golf, hunting Physical- bowling, camping, fishing, golf, hunting Social-visiting relatives, friends, neighbors Social-visiting relatives, friends, neighbors Solitary-reading books, magazines, newspaper, listening to radio Solitary-reading books, magazines, newspaper, listening to radio

69. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN LEISURE The main reasons leisure activities change over adulthood are health or ability changes and self-perceptions The main reasons leisure activities change over adulthood are health or ability changes and self-perceptions The variety of leisure activities also differs with age The variety of leisure activities also differs with age

70. Correlates and Consequences of Leisure Activities Men are more likely to engage in outdoor and sports Men are more likely to engage in outdoor and sports Women are more likely to engage in cultural or home-based activities Women are more likely to engage in cultural or home-based activities People in retirement communities engage in more leisure activities People in retirement communities engage in more leisure activities Leisure activities produce positive well- being Leisure activities produce positive well- being