1. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Chapter 8 The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits

2. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.0-1 A plan for analyzing first- order circuits. (a) First, separate the energy storage elements from the rest of the circuit. (b) Next, replace the circuit connected to a capacitor by its Thévenin equivalent circuit, or replace the circuit connected to an inductor by its Norton equivalent circuit.

3. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.0-2 (a) A circuit and (b) its complete response.

4. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.1-1 (a) A printer connected to a laptop computer. (b) Two circuits connected by a cable and (c) an equivalent circuit.

5. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.1-2 Voltages that occur during a transition from a logic 0 to a logic 1.

6. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.2-1 Common forms of electrical signals shown on the screen of an oscilloscope. Courtesy of Panasonic Industrial Co.

7. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.2-2 (a) An analog signal and the corresponding sampled signal. (b) A digital signal obtained by encoding the sampled signal.

8. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.2-3 (a) A signal is sent from the transmitter to the receiver using a cable. (b) The cable is modeled as a first-order circuit.

9. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-1 (a) A first-order circuit containing a capacitor. (b) After the switch closes, the circuit connected to the capacitor is replaced by its Thévenin equivalent circuit.

10. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-2 (a) A first-order circuit containing an inductor. (b) After the switch closes, the circuit connected to the inductor is replaced by its Norton equivalent circuit.

11. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-3 A graphical technique for measuring the time constant of a first-order circuit.

12. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-4 (a) A first-order circuit and (b) an equivalent circuit that is valid after the switch opens. (c) A plot of the complete response, v(t), given in Eq. 8.3-8.

13. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-5 (a) A first-order circuit and (b) an equivalent circuit that is valid after the switch closes. (c) A plot of the complete response, i(t), given by Eq.8-3-9.

14. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-6 (a) A first-order circuit. The equivalent circuit for (b) t  0 and (c) t  0.

15. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-7 (a) A first-order circuit. The equivalent circuit for (b) t  0 and (c) t  0.

16. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.3-8 (a) A first-order circuit, (b) the circuit after the switch opens, and (c) the equivalent circuit after the switch opens.

17. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.3-1

18. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.3-2

19. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.3-3

20. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.3-4

21. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.3-5

22. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.3-6

23. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.4-1 (a) A circuit with sequential switching. (b) The equivalent circuit before t  0. (c) The equivalent circuit for 0  t  l ms. (d) The equivalent circuit after t  1 ms.

24. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.4-2 Current waveform for t  0. The exponential has a different time constant for 0  t  t 1 and for t  t 1 where t 1  1 ms.

25. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.4-3 A comparator.

26. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.4-4 A comparator is used to compare the capacitor voltage, v c (t), to a threshold voltage, V T.

27. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.4-5 The initial capacitor voltage is v c (0)  1.667 volts, and the comparator output is to switch from V L  0 to V H  5 volts at time t 1  1 ms.

28. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.4-6 A comparator is used to compare the resistor voltage, v R (t), to a threshold voltage, V T.

29. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.4-1

30. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.4-2

31. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.5-1 (a) A first-order circuit containing a dependent source. (b) The circuit used to calculate the initial condition. (c) The circuit used to calculate V oc. (d) The circuit used to calculate R TH.

32. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.5-2 (a) A first order circuit containing a dependent source. (b) The circuit used to calculate the Thévenin resistance of the part of the circuit connected to the capacitor.

33. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-1 Application of a constant-voltage source at t  t 0 using two switches both acting at t  t 0.

34. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-2 Unit step forcing function. u(t  t 0 ).

35. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-3 Single-switch equivalent circuit for the step voltage source.

36. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-4 Symbol for the step voltage source of magnitude V 0 applied at t  t 0.

37. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-5 (a) Rectangular voltage pulse. (b) Two-step voltage waveforms that yield the voltage pulse.

38. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-6 Two-step voltage sources that yield a rectangular voltage pulse, v(t) with a magnitude of V 0 and a duration of (t 1  t 0 ) where t 0  t 1.

39. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-7 Pulse source connected to an RL circuit. The pulse is generated by the combination of two-step voltage sources each with units in volts.

40. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.6-8 Response of the RL circuit shown in Figure 8.6-7.

41. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.6-1

42. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.6-2

43. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.6-3

44. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.7-1 (a) A circuit with a nonconstant source, (b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch opens; and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the switch opens.

45. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.7-2 (a) A circuit with a nonconstant source. (b) The equivalent circuit for t  0.

46. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.7-1 (a) The NASA space station design shows the longer habitable modules that would house an orbiting scientific laboratory. (b) The circuit for energy storage for the laboratories. Photograph courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

47. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.7-2

48. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure E 8.7-3

49. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.8-1 (a) A first-order circuit with a sinusoidal input and (b) a plot of its complete response produced using MATLAB.

50. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.9-1 (a) An RC circuit. (b) The circuit redrawn for Pspice. (c) The Pspice input file.

51. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.9-2 Complete responses, v(t), of the RC circuit.

52. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.10-1 (a) A transient response and (b) the corresponding circuit.

53. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.10-2 Circuits used to calculate the (a) initial voltage, (b) final voltage, and (c) time constant.

54. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.10-3 Interpretation of the transient response.

55. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.10-4 (a) A transient response and (b) the corresponding circuit.

56. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.10-5 Circuits used to calculate (a) the steady-state voltage when the switch is open, (b) the steady-state voltage when the switch is closed, (c) the time constant when the switch is open, and (d) the time constant when the switch is closed.

57. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.10-6 Interpretation of the transient response.

58. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.11-1 (a) A printer connected to a laptop computer. (b) Two circuits connected by a cable and (c) an equivalent circuit.

59. Chapter 8: The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 8.11-2 Voltages that occur during a transition from a logic 0 to a logic 1.