1. Loss maps of RHIC Guillaume Robert-Demolaize, BNL CERN-GSI Meeting on Collective Effects, 2-3 October 2007 Beam losses, halo generation, and Collimation

2. Outline Introduction Introduction Required tools – a new aperture model Measurements vs. predictions Conclusion

3. Introduction reproduce RHIC loss maps Main objective is to try to reproduce RHIC loss maps, using the tracking tools developed for LHC collimation studies (extended version of the SixTrack code, see talk by S. Redaelli) for the purpose of code benchmarking. These codes can: longitudinal beam loss maps ◦ provide longitudinal beam loss maps for the Blue and Yellow rings, cleaning inefficiency ◦ predict the cleaning inefficiency of the collimation system, maximum allowed intensity ◦ give an estimate for the maximum allowed intensity in the machine. real RHIC conditions “live” BLM measurements By reproducing real RHIC conditions in the tracking code, one can then compare the predictions with “live” BLM measurements. code accuracy to predict the halo loss locations along the machine Studies presented in the following focus on the code accuracy to predict the halo loss locations along the machine.

4. The RHIC machine collimation regions Au 79+ - Au 79+ FY07 Number of bunches103 - 111 Ions per bunch1.1 x 10 11 E store [GeV]100 β * [m] 0.8 ε N [ µ m] 17 – 35 (at store) L peak [cm 2.s -1 ]> 30.0 x 10 26 p + - p + FY06 Number of bunches111 Protons per bunch1.35 x 10 11 E store [GeV]100 β * [m] 1.0 ε N [ µ m] > 25 L peak [cm 2.s -1 ]35.0 x 10 30

5. Collimation at RHIC one side of the beam per transverse plane RHIC collimators only intercept one side of the beam per transverse plane (LHC = 2 parallel jaws per plane); RHIC primary jaw is also L-shaped: RHIC primary scraper LHC horizontal collimator 1 primary and 3 secondary The full RHIC betatron collimation system is made of 1 primary and 3 secondary collimators per beam in IR8 (LHC = 4 primary and 16 secondary collimators per beam in IR7).

6. RHIC collimation layout Pin diodes are installed at least 1m downstream of each collimator to get a direct loss signal when setting their position. An additional secondary vertical collimator is located one arc downstream for both Blue and Yellow (not used).

7. Outline Introduction Required tools – a new aperture model Required tools – a new aperture model Measurements vs. predictions Conclusion

8. Required tools already available via MAD files Numerical models for the RHIC lattice and beam are already available via MAD files. A “Teapot” aperture model was created for previous RHIC collimation studies (PhD thesis by R. Fliller). encoding language missing => need for a dedicated RHIC aperture model !! Problem: encoding language for that model is significantly different from the one used for LHC tools; data was also missing for the latest machine changes => need for a dedicated RHIC aperture model !! specific treatment in SixTrack The L-shaped primary jaw also requires a specific treatment in SixTrack to allow collimation in both planes at the same time. tracking of large particle ensembles CPU resources (time & disk space) should allow tracking of large particle ensembles (at least 200k particles in parallel jobs)…

9. Creating the aperture model The new aperture model consists of: transverse dimensions for all lattice elements ◦ a spreadsheet with the transverse dimensions for all lattice elements, appropriate software ◦ an appropriate software to superimpose the recorded trajectories of scattered particles with the datasets from that spreadsheet. => any and all modifications must be included !! Since the original aperture model was generated, some elements were either moved, removed or replaced => any and all modifications must be included !! => one needs the complete description along that element !! The various databases only list the transverse dimensions at the beginning or the end of a given element => one needs the complete description along that element !!

10. From the LHC aperture model… => the idea is to generate a similar model for the two beam lines of RHIC. detailed LHC aperture program 10 cm To obtain accurate beam loss maps, a detailed LHC aperture program was developed. It allows locating proton losses with a precision of 10 cm. S. Redaelli et al.

11. … to the RHIC aperture model Generating the new model was split into 3 steps: mechanical drawings ◦ step 1: get all the latest files from every source of aperture database (incl. mechanical drawings). => allows to apply “real shape” of all elements ◦ step 2: generate the new aperture database with 10 cm bins already implemented => allows to apply “real shape” of all elements. MUST ◦ step 3: run a cross-reference with MAD-X model of the machine: the aperture model MUST match the simulated lattice. considered as drift spaces As for the LHC studies, collimator tanks are considered as drift spaces in the aperture model, since the corresponding aperture restrictions are applied in the scattering routines of the tracking. Some elements required extra attention when modeling…

12. Sample case: DX magnet top view side view

13. Outline Introduction Required tools – a new aperture model Measurements vs. predictions Measurements vs. predictions Conclusion

14. Measurements vs. predictions Live measurements data come from the 2005 proton run: ParameterAchieved value Injection energy [GeV]24.3 Store energy [GeV]100 Transverse norm. emittance at store [µm]20 Working point at store [Qx / Qy]0.690 / 0.685 Protons per bunch2 x 10 11 Bunches per ring111 Peak Luminosity [cm 2.s -1 ]10 x 10 30 β * in STAR and PHENIX [m] 1.0 β * at other IPs [m] 10.0

15. Dedicated datasets Fill #6981, 4/28/2005, Blue beam:

16. Collimator movements Positions and PIN diode signals once Blue beam is at store:

17. Loss monitors signal horizontal jaw movement

18. BLM signal at the STAR triplet => RHIC collimators are designed to lower beam loss induced background RAMP INJECTION STORE

19. Horizontal jaw movement zoom in collimation region (jaw movement from LVDT signal)

20. Horizontal jaw movement zoom in STAR triplet area (jaw movement from LVDT signal)

21. Simulated loss map – horizontal jaw Tracked 240000 particles, impact parameter = 5 µm, 20 turns 59% => about 59% of impacting protons are absorbed at the collimator (blue spike)

22. Zoom in the collimation region Compare loss locations with live measurements:

23. Notes on simulated loss maps locations of direct proton losses Results from SixTrack simulations only list locations of direct proton losses, i.e. elements in which the transverse coordinates of tracked protons get larger than the available mechanical aperture take the “zero” signal into account => comparison with live BLM measurements need to take the “zero” signal into account (when collimators are out). 10 cm resolution predetermined locations horizontal plane color blind The aperture model allows to spot proton losses with a 10 cm resolution, while in the machine loss monitors are only installed at predetermined locations, mostly looking in the horizontal plane and are color blind (i.e. measure and display losses coming from both beam lines at the same time) Blue and Yellow simulated losses should be put on the same plot => for later studies with the full system, Blue and Yellow simulated losses should be put on the same plot to allow proper analysis and predictions ideal STAR and PHENIX β * values (1.0 m) Q X = 28.690, Q Y = 28.685 orbit perturbations and β -beating Lattice studied was generated from MAD-X model with the ideal STAR and PHENIX β * values (1.0 m) and measured tune values (Q X = 28.690, Q Y = 28.685). Other real machine conditions like orbit perturbations and β -beating can be derived from logged datasets and inserted into the tracking model.

24. Zoom in the STAR triplet region Compare loss locations with live measurements:

25. Vertical jaw movement zoom in collimation region (jaw movement from LVDT signal)

26. Vertical jaw movement zoom in STAR triplet area (jaw movement from LVDT signal)

27. Tracked 240000 particles, impact parameter = 5 µm, 20 turns Simulated loss map – vertical jaw 59% => about 59% of impacting protons are absorbed at the collimator (blue spike)

28. Zoom in the collimation region Compare loss locations with live measurements:

29. Zoom in the STAR triplet region Compare loss locations with live measurements:

30. Outline Introduction Required tools – a new aperture model Measurements vs. predictions Conclusion Conclusion

31. Conclusion magnet non-linearities and measured tune valuesbeta-beating and real chromaticity values The simulated lattice features some of the magnet non-linearities and measured tune values but does not include beta-beating and real chromaticity values => should be included in the future. lost close to the triplet magnet During the tracking in SixTrack, particles with large amplitudes (i.e. close to usual collimator openings) get lost close to the triplet magnet in STAR similar behavior as the one seen in live BLM signal => similar behavior as the one seen in live BLM signal !! mostly correspond to what is observed on real time BLM signal reconsider the precision level of the aperture model Predicted loss locations mostly correspond to what is observed on real time BLM signal (when integrated): downstream of collimators and at the front end of the STAR triplet magnet. One might want to reconsider the precision level of the aperture model to get better comparisons with live measurements. Future studies should focus on the loss levels at the collimators and the corresponding rates at the low β * insertions, using both beams and the full RHIC collimation system => predictions of the most efficient settings for collimator openings !!