1. Therapy Approaches Biomedical Therapy Psychotherapy
Alternative Therapies
The Power of Forgiveness

2. Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Brain Stimulation Psychosurgery
Antipsychotic Drugs
Antianxiety Drugs
Antidepressant Drugs
Mood-Stabilizing Medications
Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Alternative Neurostimulation Therapy
Psychosurgery

3. Biomedical Therapies (1) Drug Therapies
1-Antipshchotic Drugs
2-Antidepressant Drugs
3-Tranquilizers
4-Mood-Stabilizing Medicines

4. 1-Antipsychotic Drugs or Neuroleptics
Good for treating psychosis and schizophrenia
Example: Thorazine
Reduce receptivity to dopamine or increase serotonin
Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Do not relieve other negative symptoms

5. Antipsychotic Drugs and Schizophrenia
Good for reducing:
Agitation
Delusions
Hallucinations
Can shorten schizophrenic episodes
Offers little relief from:
Jumbled thoughts
Difficulty concentrating
Inability to interact with others

6. After the Introduction of Anti- psychotic Drugs

7. 2-Antidepressant Drugs
Treat depression, anxiety, phobias, OCD
Example: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil
Non addictive but can cause side effects
1-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (elevate levels of ser. & nor. by blocking inhibitors)
2-Tricyclic antidepressants (boost nor. & ser. by preventing their reabsorption)
3-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(work on serotonin)

8. Serotonin Reuptake

9. 3-Tranquilizers Prescribed for depressed mood, panic, and anxiety
Example: Valium
Increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA
If overused can result in tolerance and withdrawal

10. 4-Mood-Stabilizing Medications Lithium Carbonate
Prescribed for bipolar disorder
Can be dangerous if not given in the right doze

11. Cautions about Drugs Placebo effect Relapse and drop out rates
Dosage problems
Long-term risks
Overprescription
Sometimes they have to be with therapy

12. The Placebo Effect Kirsch and Sapirstein (1998)
7315 participants
41% of those receiving antidepressants experienced reduced symptoms.
31% of those given placebos also received reduced symptoms.

13. Biomedical Therapies (2) Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
Deep-Brain Stimulation
Magnetic Stimulation

14. Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy ECT
After three sessions each week for two or four weeks, 80% of people receiving ECT improve markedly, showing no brain damage.
ECT reduces suicidal thoughts and is credited with saving many from suicide.

16. Biomedical Therapies Alternative Neurostimulation Therapy 1
Biomedical Therapies Alternative Neurostimulation Therapy 1. Deep-Brain Stimulation
Helen Mayberg and her colleagues have been focusing on a cortex area that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system.
They have discovered that this area, which is overactive in the brain of a depressed or temporarily sad person, becomes calm when treated by ECT and antidepressants.
Among 12 patients receiving implanted electrodes and a pacemaker stimulator, 8 experienced relief.

18. Biomedical Therapies Alternative Neurostimulation Therapy 2- Magnetic Stimulation
Unlike deep-brain stimulation, the magnetic energy penetrates only the brain’s surface.
The painless procedure – called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) – is performed on wide-awake patients over several weeks.
In a study on 67 Israelis with major depression, at the end of two weeks, half the stimulated patients showed at least a 50%improvement in their scores on a depression scale.

20. Psychosurgery
Egas Moniz who developed the Lobotomy in the 1930s found that cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain calmed uncontrollably emotional and violent people (disconnecting emotion from thought).
He was honored with a Nobel Prize for developing this procedure.
It produced a permanently lethargic, immature, and uncreative people.

21. Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic
Family

22. Three Elements Shares by All Forms of Psychotherapy
Hope for Demoralized People
A New Perspective
An Empathetic, Caring, Trusting Relationship

23. Psychodynamic Therapy
Probes the past
Doesn’t tackle the immediate problem
The goal is insight
Takes a long time
Explores the unconscious
Methods: free association, interpretation of dreams, & transference

24. Interpretation
The analyst noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight.
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
Transference
The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

25. Behavioral Techniques
Learning
Conditioning
Association between
Environmental Stimuli + Response
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Association Reinforcement/
Stimulus-Response Punishment

26. Behavioral Techniques
There are no mental processes (will, mind)
Derived from classical and operant conditioning
The focus is on changing the behavior
Works on the immediate problem
Focuses on the present

27. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioning
Learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses
Stimulus-response Learning

29. Classical Conditioning in Real Life
Learning to like
Learning to fear
Accounting for Taste
Reacting to Medical Treatment

30. Operant Conditioning
The behavior is more likely or less likely to occur based on its consequences.
B. F. Skinner modified Pavlov’s concept.
Skinner used reinforcement and punishment to enhance learning.

31. Skinner’s Box

32. Behavioral Techniques
Systematic Desensitization/Counter Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
Exposure Treatment (Flooding)
Behavioral Records & Contracts
Skills Training

33. Systematic Desensitization
Fear of Flying
Read about safety
Look at pictures of airplanes
Visit an airport
Take a short flight
Take a long flight
Fear is extinguished
Counterconditioning

34. Cognitive Therapy Aeron Beck
Aaron Beck and his colleagues (1979) came to believe that cognitive therapy could reverse people’s catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, situations, and their futures

35. Cognitive Distortions
Labeling
Mind Reading
Exaggeration
Unrealistic Expectations
Belief in Entitlement
Belief in Absolute Fairness

36. Fighting Dysfunctional Thought
Hot Thoughts
He is always mean to me.
I did a lousy job.
I deserve better.
It’s not fair.
That jerk!
They’re driving me crazy.
Cool Thoughts
Maybe he had a bad day.
It’ll be better next time
But people are people
Life is not fair.
It’s his problem!
Just don’t accept the ride.

37. Dysfunctional Thought
Situation
Emotion
Rate
1-100%
Automatic Thought
Cognitive Distortion
Rational Response
Outcome
0-100%
Fight with spouse
Angry, 99%
Sad, 50%
-I’ll never have a normal marriage
-I deserve better
-He’s stubborn
Magnificat-ion
Entitlement
Labeling
-It’s not the end of the world
-That’s normal
-Maybe he had a bad day
Angry,
50%
Sad, 10%

38. Humanistic Therapy Works on self-fulfillment and self-actualization
Does not delve into the past
Helps the client think about the present and the future
Helps people feel good about themselves
Tackles conscious rather than unconscious thoughts

39. Carl Rogers Client-Centered Therapy Person-Centered Therapy
The therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.

40. Carl Rogers Client-Centered Therapy
Offers unconditional positive regard
No specific techniques
Therapist should be warm, genuine and empathetic
Client adopts these views and becomes self-accepting
Promotes growth instead of curing illness.

41. Effective Listening Client’s Remark Closed Response Open Response
I can’t do it.
Don’t talk like that.
It seems very difficult to you.
I will never be able to have a good life.
We’ve discussed that before. Stop being negative.
It may look very discouraging now.

42. Active Listening Paraphrase.
Summarize the speakers words in your own words.
Invite Clarification.
Encourage the speaker to say more.
Reflect Feelings.
Reflect what you’re sensing from the speakers words and body language.

43. Family Therapy
The therapist helps family members understand how their ways of relating to one another create problems.
The treatment’s emphasis is not on changing the individuals, but on changing their relationships and interactions.

44. Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies
Behavioral Conditioning Therapies – have achieved favorable results with specific behavior problems, such as bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual disorders.
Studies confirm that Cognitive Therapy is effective in coping with depression and reducing suicidal risks
Biomedical Therapy – is particularly essential for the treatment of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

45. Alternative Therapy (1) Eye Movement Desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
Francine Shapiro had people imagine traumatic scenes while she triggered eye movement by waving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unblock and reprocess previously frozen memories.
This therapy helps reduce traumatic memories.

46. Alternative Therapy (2) Light Exposure Therapy
It is used to treat people who suffer from seasonal affecive disorder (SAD).
After 4 weeks of treatment:
61% of those exposed to morning light greatly improved.
50% of those exposed to evening light greatly improved.
32% of those exposed to the placebo greatly improved.

47. When Therapy Helps When clients have enough sense of self
When clients have enough distress to motivate them to change
When therapists are warm and empathetic
When client and therapist establish a good rapport
Hostile, negative clients are less likely to benefit

48. When Therapy Harms
Bias on the therapist’s part because of gender, religion, or race
Coercion by the therapist to accept his/her advice
Coercion by the therapist to have sexual intimacy

49. The Power of Forgiveness
Giving up grudges can reduce chronic back pain
Forgiveness limited the number of relapses among women battling substance abuse problems.
Using MRI scans to explore how just thinking about empathy and reconciliation sparks activity in the brains left middle gyrus, suggesting we all have a mental forgiveness center set to be tapped.

50. The Power of Forgiveness
Cortisol’s depressive effect on the immune system has been linked to serious disorders.
Forgiveness stops the cortisol and adrenaline from flowing.

51. American Psychosomatic Society A Study
36 male veterans who had coronary artery disease and who were also burdened by other war-related issues
Those who received forgiveness training showed greater blood flow to the heart.