2. Chapter 1:ii The Appearance of Homo Sapiens [Image source: http://sciences.homepage.com/genus.htm]

3. The remains of Neanderthals were first discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany during the A.D. 1850s. [Image source: http://www.neanderthal.de/e_thal/fs_3.htm]

4. The Neander Tal was named for Joachim Neumann, a minister who lived in the late-17th century. [Image source: http://www.neanderthal.de/e_thal/fs_3.htm ]

5. Neanderthals were probably the first Homo sapiens. [Image source: http://sciences.homepage.com/neander.htm]

6. Neanderthals had stocky bodies with thick bones and very muscular necks and shoulders. [Image source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html]

7. Marcellin Boule [Image source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/boule.jpg]

8. Neanderthals had brains that were slightly larger than those of modern human beings. [Image source: http://www10.geocities.com/Athens/6293/hominid.html]

9. The skillfully crafted stone tools of Neanderthal were more sophisticated than their predecessors. [Source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html]

10. Neanderthals were nomadic hunter- gatherers who used fire for warmth, cooking, and protection. [Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/lifeways.html ]

11. Neanderthals lived in small groups of 35 to 50 people.

12. Neanderthals wore heavy clothing made from animal skins to stay warm. [Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/lifeways.html]

13. Later Neanderthals built shelters out of branches and animal skins. [Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/structures.html]

14. Neanderthals are thought to have practiced religion in the form of sympathetic magic. [Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ritual.html]

15. Neanderthals believed in an afterlife, covering dead bodies with flowers before burying them in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons. [Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ritual.html]

16. [Source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html]

17. Homo sapiens sapiens (“human who thinks”) Many scientists believe these modern humans originated in Africa circa 50,000 years ago [Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~homy/]

19. Homo sapiens sapiens quickly came to dominate Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas by 30,000 years ago.

20. The earliest Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe were called Cro-Magnons. [Image source: http://www10.geocities.com/Athens/6293/hominid.html] Similar remains have been found in Africa and Asia.

21. Cro-Magnons were taller and less robust than Neanderthals.

22. Cro-Magnon man had better technology and a more sophisticated culture. [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/kit.html]

23. Cro-Magnons survived by using effective hunting techniques... [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamact.html]

24. ... and more efficient methods of gathering. [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamhunt.html]

25. [Image source: http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/ancienttech/food_prep_index.html]

26. The blades of Cro- Magnon tools were thinner and had sharper cutting edges. [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamact.html]

27. Cro-Magnons used bone, antler, and ivory to make new tools. [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamhunt.html]

28. [Image source: http://www.gripclips.com/primitiveways/]

29. Bone needles were used to sew fitted leather clothes. [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamact.html]

30. With the invention of the stone ax, Cro-Magnons could chop down trees and fashion canoes. [Imkage source: http://www.jchanning.com/stone.htm]

31. Cro-Magon hunters invented long-distance weapons, such as the atlatl... [Image source: http://www.gripclips.com/primitiveways/rock-art.html]

32. ... and bows and arrows.

33. Co-operation in big game hunts probably led to the development of rules and social classes. [Image source: http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/ancienttech/communal_trapping.html]

34. Some Cro-Magnons built temporary structures in which to live. [Image source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/habitat/]

35. Permanent homes emerged with the advent of better hunting techniques. [Image source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/habitat/]

38. The evidence for Cro-Magnon leaders comes from high-status burials. [Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamrit.html]

40. Cave paintings may have been for educational purposes. [Image source: http://www-sor.inria.fr/~pierre/lascaux/ ]

41. Cro-Magnon painters may have been creating images meant to have mystical powers that would help hunters. [Image source: http://www.unitedexhibits.com/diorama4.htm]

43. [Image source: ttp://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shaman.html] Scientists believe that Cro-Magnons employed shamans as spiritual leaders and healers.

44. Many Neolithic societies believed in deities (gods and goddesses) that had the power to control the forces of nature. (Source: Scientific American, December 1993, p. 117.)

45. Some Paleolithic societies worshipped fertility figures thought to represent Mother Earth. (Source: Scientific American, December 1993, p. 113.)

46. Neolithic Revolution

47. People domesticated animals for human purposes. They were used for food, clothing, and work. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/carte_domestication.htm]

49. “When tillage begins, other arts follow. The farmers, therefore, are the founders of human civilization.” - Daniel Webster, “On Agriculture,” 13th January 1840.

50. The Agricultural Revolution occurred when Neolithic peoples domesticated a variety of wild plants and grew them for food. [Image source:http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/carte_agriculture.htm]

51. The steady supply of food allowed people to become sedentary, but they had to work harder and longer than hunters and gatherers. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod5a.htm]

52. Villages began to develop where there was fertile soil and water.

53. Source: Military History Quarterly, volume I:3 (Spring 1989), p. 13. The fabled city of Jericho started as a village over 10,000 years ago.

54. The village of Çatal Hüyük dates from 7000 to 6000 B.C. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod6b.htm]

55. Çatal Hüyük is located in southern present-day Turkey. [Image source:http://faculty.juniata.edu/atwill/catalhuyuk.html]

56. Çatal Hüyük was located near a source of obsidian (volcanic glass). Obsidian can be fashioned into tools that keep a fine, hard edge. [Image source: http://www.telesterion.com/catal2.htm]

57. Çatal Hüyük was also a religious cult centre. [Image source: http://faculty.juniata.edu/atwill/catalhuyuk.html]

58. Reconstruction of a shrine, Level VI, CatalHuyuk, c. 5900 B.C. (After J. Mellart.)

59. The people of Çatal Hüyük are believed to have practiced fertility rites that included offerings to an Earth-mother goddess. [Image source: http://faculty.juniata.edu/atwill/catalhuyuk.html]

61. The invention of the plow by Neolithic farmers made work both easier while increasing production. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod7.htm]

62. The sickle made it possible for one person to harvest large quantities of grain by themselves. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod7b.htm]

63. Using a kern, or grinding stone, one person could prepare enough flour for the baking-needs of an entire family. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod7c.htm]

64. The ability to harden clay by baking it with heat was a very important discovery. [Image source: http://www.gripclips.com/primitiveways/pt-photo_gallery1.html]

65. [Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod3.htm] Ceramic storage vessels for storing surplus food were created from clay that had been fired in kilns.

66. Rectangular bricks of fired clay could also be used to construct buildings.

67. Other technological advances during the Neolithic Period: loom for weaving wheel -transportation -pottery metallurgy domestication of animals

68. Shaman of old…?