1. P ioneering H igh E nergy N uclear I nteraction e X periment Using PHENIX to identify hadrons produced in “Little Big Bangs” at RHIC J. Burward-Hoy State University of New York at Stony Brook for the PHENIX Collaboration The Stony Brook Group: R. Averbeck, S. Butsyk, A. Drees, T.K. Hemmick, J. Heuser, R. Hutter, M. Marx, F. Matathias, F. Messer, V. Pantuyev, B. Jacak, J. Jia, S.C.Johnson†, J. Velkovska, M. Velkovsky †Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

3. Central Arm Spectrometers East and West Beam-beam Cherenkov Counters North and South Zero Degree Calorimeters North and South

4. Gold atoms are stripped of their electrons and then accelerated to relativistic speeds. Dipole magnets focus the ions beams to cross and collide at the center of the PHENIX detector situated on the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Due to Lorentz contraction, the ions are flat like pancakes and pass through each other “before they realize it.” The time scale of the physics in the collision is in fermi where 1 fm = 10 -15 cm. The collision simulates what happened 10  s after the Big Bang. A new state of matter called a Quark Gluon Plasma is predicted to exist at these high energy densities. Most of the produced energy is carried away by hadrons as the system expands and cools. The momentum spectra of hadrons are therefore sensitive to the dynamics of the collision and are measured in PHENIX for pions, kaons, and protons. The data are a subset of the 2000 Summer runs at RHIC and the results were presented at the Quark Matter 2001 Conference at Stony Brook by J. Velkovska. “Little Big Bangs” at RHIC Au ion in yellow ring in RHIC Au ion in blue ring in RHIC Cartoon of two Au ions after passing through each other in a relativistic collision Spectator nucleons To collision axis detectors Produced , K, p to central arm detectors Participant nucleons Collision axis

5. The Central Magnet provides a focussing magnetic field which causes the charged particles to bend into the central arm detectors. The Drift Chamber measures a trajectory segment and the Pad Chamber measures a point in space. The Beam- Beam Cherenkov Counters measure the event vertex position along the collision axis. With these detectors and the magnetic field map, the momentum and initial angles of each charged particle at the event vertex is determined. The Time-of-Flight detector measures the final time of the charged particle at roughly 5 m radially from the collision axis. The initial time is measured using the Beam-beam counter. The actual flight time is then the difference between these two times plus a global offset. The particle’s vertical position is measured using the known speed of light in the scintillating material and the time difference measured across it. The location of the slat along the horizontal and along the collision axis defines the other coordinates of the particle’s space point.  +, K +, p  -, K -, p bar In the magnetic field, positive and negative particles bend in different senses. The positive particles (light blue) bend clockwise, while the negative particles (green) bend counter-clockwise. Detecting  , K , p  in PHENIX

6. Transverse momentum and time of flight Cylindrical coordinates: (r,phi,z) Determine momentum p and charge q in plane transverse to the beam axis Determine initial polar angle  0 measured from the beam axis p t = p sin(  0 ) x y  ~ q/p r z r 00 H. Hamagaki The momentum and initial angles determine the charged particle’s trajectory. The trajectory is projected to the Time-of-flight detector and within a search window, a measured space point in the TOF is found. Using the calculated distance of the trajectory from the event vertex to the TOF (pathlength) and the measured time of flight, the speed of the particle is determined.

7. 0-5% 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% 25-30% Centrality is the measure in percentage of how “head-on” the collisions are (how many nucleons participate in the collision). PHENIX measures the centrality using a coincidence measurement between the Beam-beam Counters (counts) and Zero Degree Calorimeters (energy). How “head-on” is the collision? The fraction of counts in the Beam-beam Counters. The more nucleons participating in the collision, the larger the number of counts recorded in the BBCs. A. Denisov The fraction of energy deposited in the Zero-degree Calorimeters. The more nucleons participating in the collision, the less energy that gets deposited in the ZDCs.

8. The mass is calculated for each particle using the momentum, the pathlength L, and the time-of-flight (m = p/ , where  = L/ct and c = 29.98 cm/ns is the speed of light). The mass-squared width depends on both the Drift Chamber’s momentum resolution and the Time-of-Flight’s time resolution. The better the overall resolution, the higher in momentum pions and kaons can be separated and identified. The mass-squared centroid is measured and the number of sigma in mass-squared each track is away from each particle type (pions, kaons, and protons) is calculated. Particles that fall within 2  of the mass-squared centroid for protons are identified as protons (likewise for the other particles). Pions are 85% lighter than protons. For the same momentum, pions are travelling much faster than protons. Using high momentum pions, the mass- squared width is dominated by the time resolution of the TOF and the angular resolution of the Drift Chamber (multiple scattering dominates at low momentum). The TOF resolution is measured directly by calculating the expected time of flight assuming  = 1 and using the pathlength L of the projected track. The measured resolution is  t = 115  5 ps. The mass-squared width: how particle identification is done. H. Hamagaki Momentum resolution Time-of-Flight resolution Time-of-Flight Resolution

9. Drift Chamber Momentum Resolution The magnetic field exerts a force on the particle and gives a momentum kick equivalent to    mrad GeV/c. In other words, for a 1 GeV/c particle, the field alone causes a deflection of 84 mrad in the particle’s trajectory. The multiple scattering contribution of slow charged particles as they travel through materials from the event vertex to the Drift Chamber. This term depends on the speed of the particle, . The proton mass- squared width at p<0.65 GeV/c is dominated by multiple scattering. The angular resolution contribution to the momentum resolution of the detector for high-momentum particles. The charged particle’s trajectory becomes more straight at high momentum and the curvature is harder to measure. The momentum resolution is determined by simultaneously fitting the mass-squared width equation to the measured mass-squared widths of pions, kaons, and protons as a function of momentum (fixing the time- of-flight resolution to the measured value). The resulting angular resolution is   =2.8  0.2 mrad and the multiple scattering contribution is  ms = 0.6 (0.1) mrad GeV/c. Momentum Resolution p red line K blue line  green line

10. Correct for acceptance (all particles) tracking efficiency (depends on track density). The efficiency is determined using Monte Carlo single reconstructed tracks embedded in real events. momentum resolution effects on shape (p t > 2.5 GeV/c) background (albedo and decays p t <1 GeV/c for pions and kaons) Corrections: acceptance, decays, tracking efficiency, and momentum resolution. The background from albedo (shower particles from the magnet pole tips) and decays before the Drift Chamber is reconstructed mostly at high momentum. To reject the background, associations to outer detectors are made, assuming the tracks are coming from the event vertex. In this analysis, a 2  matching cut that is momentum dependent in both phi and z are made in the TOF. When associating tracks to the TOF detector, most of the high momentum background is eliminated with both the matching cut and the 2  particle identification cut. Use Monte Carlo single particles to correct for acceptance, decays, and momentum resolution. Momentum resolution does not affect the shape of p t between 0.3 and 2.5 GeV/c

11. All negative charged tracks (open symbols) as measured in the Drift Chamber and Pad Chambers (h - ) compared to the total sum of negative pions, kaons, and anti-protons (from functional fits to the spectra on the left) using the TOF for particle identification. p T (GeV/c) Transverse momentum spectra of pions, kaons, and protons. Protons can be identified up to 4 GeV/c in transverse momentum (p t ). The pions and kaons can be separated up to 2 GeV/c. The pion and proton spectra are quite different in shape.

12. Fitting an exponential to part of the spectra at low momenta, an effective temperature can be measured. The effective temperature is different for pions and protons -- indicative of radial flow. Effective Temperature

13. The effective temperature is different for pions and protons, indicating radial flow. The effective temperature also depends on the number of participants for more peripheral events. 5  60%3.7  60% 80-92% 19  60% 60-80% 76  15%123  15% 30-60% 178  15%383  15% 15-30% 271  15%673  15% 5-15% 347  15%945  15% 0-5% ParticipantsCollisionsCentrality Effective temperature versus the number of participants. The Glauber model is used to determine the number of participants for each centrality. N part

14. The shape of transverse momentum spectra. The p t spectra can be described in shape by either exponentials (higher centralities) or power-law functions (more peripheral collisions). Collective motion from multiple rescattering of particles at freeze-out (when the particles no longer interact later in the collision) dominates the spectra at low p t for the most central collisions. Hard scattering and other hard processes occurring earlier in the collision dominate the spectra at high p t. More exponential More concave

15. N part By fitting the appropriate function to the entire spectrum for each centrality, the mean p t can be determined. The mean p t is different for each particle species and tends to decrease with smaller number of participants. Mean transverse momentum versus the number of participants.

16. Conclusion Pions, kaons, and protons, have been measured in PHENIX in Au-Au collisions at 130 GeV center- of-mass energy using the East-arm central tracking detectors and the Time-of-Flight detector for particle identification. The data are a subset of the Summer 2000 runs. The measured detector resolutions and mass-squared centroids are used to calculate the mass-squared widths as a function of momentum for particle identification. Pions and kaons can be separated out to 1.5 GeV/c in momentum using 2  momentum-dependent matching cuts to the TOF and 2  momentum-dependent particle identification cuts. The transverse momentum distributions are dominated by protons which are measured out to 4 GeV/c. The pion and proton spectra are quite different in shape. Event centrality is determined by using a correlation measurement between the Beam-beam counters and Zero-degree calorimeters. The transverse momentum spectra for pions appear to be more exponential in shape at momenta less than 1 GeV/c for the most central events and become more power-law in shape for the more peripheral. The Glauber model is used to determine the number of participants in each event centrality selection. Across participant number, the effective temperature is different for protons and pions. This dependence of temperature on particle mass indicates radial flow. The mean transverse momentum is also different for each particle type and appears to saturate with increasing participant number. All of these results are preliminary. The current systematic uncertainties are estimates and need to be determined more accurately. The statistics will improve when the entire Summer 2000 data are analyzed. These results were presented at the Quark Matter 2001 Conference at Stony Brook by J. Velkovska.