1. 2004 Annual Faculty Development Seminar Appointment, Promotion and Tenure In the Professorial Ranks

2. Part I Rank & Tenure considered in the national context Part II Appointment, Promotion & Tenure at NYUSoM

3. Timeline of Tenure

4. 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors

5. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita

6. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born

7. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: assistant, associate and full professor

8. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor

9. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor 1900 The Economics Cases: David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross

10. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor 1900 The Economics Cases: David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross 1913-1940AAUP

11. Timeline of Tenure 1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor 1900 The Economics Cases: David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross 1913-1940AAUP 1986, 1992 Age Discrimination in Employment Amendments

12. Tenure Defined [AAUP] Tenure is a means to certain ends; specifically (1) freedom of teaching and research and of extramural activities; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession of teaching attractive to men and women of ability. [NYUFH] Academic tenure is a means to certain ends, specifically: (1) freedom of teaching and research*; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession of teaching attractive to men and women of ability.

13. Social Engineering: ADEA Tenure concepts were developed when the expectation and the rule was “retirement” at 65 Age Discrimination in Employment Amendments of 1986, *1992

14. AAMC data on age distribution of faculty in US medical schools 1980-2002

15. National Context Decline in reimbursements to the clinical side of academic medical centers BBA of ’97 Managed care

16. National Context Dramatic rise in the number of faculty, especially clinical faculty Movement to non-tenure tracks

17. Jones and Gold Academic Medicine (2001) 76: 993-1004

18. Liu and Mallon Academic Medicine 2004 79: 205-213

20. Financial Guarantee of Tenure ‘97 N b = 102 N c =94 Jones and Gold, Acad Med 1998

21. What is that Guarantee? N b = 102 N c =94 Jones and Gold, Acad Med 1998

22. Part I Tenure considered in the national context Part II Appointment, Promotion & Tenure at NYUSoM

24. Primary Themes Investigator / Educator Track, a full-time tenure track for those faculty members in any department whose primary career is in independent, investigator-initiated research and who devote some time to education and service. Investigator Clinician / Educator Track, a full-time tenure track…for those faculty in the clinical departments whose primary career combines independent research with clinical activities and who devote some time to education and service.

25. What does it take? Advance the fieldAdvance the field Peer recognitionPeer recognition If you haven’t done it all, you have to be really outstanding in part of itIf you haven’t done it all, you have to be really outstanding in part of it

26. Alternate Pathway Teaching Excellence in the “classroom” Invention of new approaches Peer recognition for pedagogical activities

28. Primary Themes Clinician Investigator / Educator Track, a full-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in clinical departments whose primary career is in the provision of clinical care and who devote a substantial portion of their efforts to teaching, research, and service. Research / Educator Track, a full-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in any department whose primary career is in research, but who devote a portion of their efforts to education and service.

29. Alternate Pathway Teaching Excellence in the “classroom” Invention of new approaches Peer recognition for pedagogical activities

31. Primary Themes Clinical Track, a part-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in clinical departments whose primary career is in the provision of clinical care and who devote some time to teaching, research and/or service. Research Track, a part-time non-tenure track for those faculty involved in part-time or time-limited research in other's laboratories and who devote limited time to teaching and service.

32. A Snapshot of Promotion & Tenure Decisions 1989-2002 Grants (regardless of whether PI; PI data were missing especially in early years)Grants (regardless of whether PI; PI data were missing especially in early years) NIH Grants (regardless of whether PI, as immediately above)NIH Grants (regardless of whether PI, as immediately above) $ Amount of grants (generally total $ during career)$ Amount of grants (generally total $ during career) Peer reviewed publicationsPeer reviewed publications 1st or last-author publications1st or last-author publications Non-peer reviewed publicationsNon-peer reviewed publications Book chaptersBook chapters AbstractsAbstracts PresentationsPresentations

33. Summary 1989-2002 151 candidates 120 granted tenure, a rate of 79.5% 36/40 or 90% of candidates from basic sciences 111/151 or 73.5% of candidates from clinical sciences

34. Summary 2002-2004 52 candidates 38 granted tenure, a rate of 76% 18/22 or 82% of candidates from basic sciences 20/30 or 67% of candidates from clinical sciences

35. Characteristics of 50 Candidates Category Mean  SD MedianRange # Grants9.18 ± 8.0070 – 42 # NIH Grants2.24 ± 2.6710 – 11 $ Amount of grants2,921,223 ± 4,657,1501,489,7400 – 27,963,678 # Peer reviewed publications39.3 ± 34.030.50 – 186 # 1st/last author publications23.5 ± 20.2200 – 123 # Non-peer reviewed publications3.68 ± 5.0120 – 26 # Book chapters7.28 ± 9.2540 – 44 # Abstracts11.3 ± 31.300 – 202 # Presentations21.0 ± 29.370 – 97

36. Comparison Among Eras Era 1Era 2Era 31 vs 21 vs 32 vs 3 ALL94%72%76%.05.111.0 Basic100%84%82%.61.521.0 Clinical91%68%67%.14.261.0

37. Changes in Rank & Status 2626 TT to NTT 18 aP/C 13 AP/C 5 AP/C (C/R) 19 AP 16 AP 3 AP(C/R) 1 AP(R) 1 AP

40. To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else. The Oath

41. To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

42. To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of faculty], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

43. To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of tenure], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage [origin of gender discrimination] and to teach this art…to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

44. To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of tenure], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage [origin of gender discrimination] and to teach this art…to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else [origin of both the Guild and the Guilt of our separation from the proles]

45. Process 7 year probationary period Tenured faculty can be dismissed only for cause or certain conditions CAUSE: …incompetent or inefficient service; neglect of duty; repeated and willful disregard of the rules of academic freedom…physical or mental incapacity; or any other conduct of a character seriously prejudicial to his or her teaching or research or to the welfare of the University CONDITIONS: …retirement, or…because of financial exigencies, or because of the discontinuance of a considerable part of the University, such as a college, school, or division or a department in a college, school, or division Dismissal adjudication is in the hands of the faculty, not the administration

47. Promotion & Tenure  Since excellence in research and scholarship is a requirement for all tenured academic appointments, evidence of such high quality research or other scholarship is necessary for advancement. Evidence of scholarly achievements must include publication of major peer-reviewed papers. Books and/or chapters that integrate, synthesize, summarize and extend the existing literature are also considered evidence of scholarly productivity. Certain other types of activities are generally recognized as demonstrative of an individual's stature in research or scholarship. Many of these activities are manifestations of peer recognition and may include: invitations to lecture on the national and international level; invitations to contribute to major scientific meetings and publications; membership on editorial boards of prominent journals; membership on scientific and professional advisory committees at national and/or international levels; membership on research peer review committees; the receipt of honors for scientific or scholarly achievements; election or selection to membership and/or leadership positions in professional organizations; funding from national peer-reviewed funding agencies (such as the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and similar agencies in the government and the private sectors); and the attraction and training of productive graduate students and postdoctoral fellows.

48. Promotion & Tenure  In addition to research and scholarly activities, all tenure track faculty members are required to participate and demonstrate a high level of effectiveness in teaching.  In addition to major efforts in research and teaching, tenure track faculty members are also expected to contribute to the School of Medicine in a service capacity. They can fulfill this obligation by participating in committee work, internal governance and/or community service.

49. Basic Sciences

50. Clinical Sciences

51. Promotion  Promotion to the level of Associate Professor in the full-time, non-tenure tracks must be considered within the first ten years as a member of the full-time faculty at New York University in the rank and/or ranks of Assistant Professor and Associate Professor. Promotion on either of these tracks will require documentation of: (1) excellence in teaching, research, and/or patient care; (2) evidence of peer recognition; and (3) contributions of service to the school.

52. Promotion  Clinical Track Faculty members in this track will fulfill a variety of teaching, clinical and service responsibilities in the institution according to the needs of the departments and divisions…[and] will be expected to demonstrate excellence in patient care and teaching, and, when appropriate, to contribute to the service activities of the School of Medicine.  Research Track …for faculty assigned to either time-limited, essentially full-time research programs or part-time research activities with limited expectations for teaching or service. In general, faculty members in these titles will be dependent upon the grants of others [and] will be expected to maintain a high level of proficiency and participation in the research program and, when appropriate, may contribute to the educational and service activities of the School of Medicine.

54. References White L. Academic Tenure: Its historical and legal meanings in the United States and its relationship to the Compensation of medical school faculty members. 2000 St. Louis U Law J: 44:51. Williams J. The Other Politics of Tenure. College Literature, 09/22/1999.