1. http://www.ptcri.ox.ac.uk Ken.Peach@ptcri.ox.ac.uk A Laser Afternoon: Introduction Ken Peach Particle Therapy Cancer Research Institute (Oxford Martin School) & John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford Imperial College December 13 th 2012 The tax mans taken all my dough, And left me in my stately home, Lazing on a sunny afternoon. Ray Davis (The Kinks) “Sunny Afternoon”

2. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20122 Outline What is needed? Where could we help? What should we do?

3. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20123 WHAT IS NEEDED? Therapy Radiobiology

4. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20124 100 80 60 40 20 50100150 SOBP Pristine peak Depth (mm) Dose (%) tumour Depth Dose curves – photon and proton MV x-rays

5. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20125 Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) & Linear Energy Transfer (LET) LET is related to dE/dx (Bethe Bloch) but is the energy transferred to the medium, not the energy lost by the particle

6. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20126 RBE The recommended value of RBE for protons is 1.1

7. photon & proton irradiation  Averaged survival fractions over 3 repeated experiments. 23/Jan/2012PTCRi Meeting7 After AI Nagano (PTCRi, private communication) Dose (Gy)

8. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20128 Therapy Parameters: Energy 30 cm thickness of human bod y Radiography 300 MeV (p) 550 MeV/u (C)

9. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 20129 Summary of Therapy Requirements

10. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 201210 Summary of Radiobiology Desiderata Energy reach –Protons, helium, lithium, carbon, oxygen to at least 10-100 mm 20-120 MeV (p) 60-220 MeV/u (C) –Study mouse models in and away from the Bragg peak Cell studies –Probably down to a few MeV/u Flux –From single particle to >2 Gy/min Field –Micro- or Nano-beam to 100 x 100 mm 2

11. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 201211 Requirements for both Desired energy –energy within 1% of specification Small distribution of energy –  ~1% Desired flux –High flux – 1% –Single particle Precise transverse position –<0.5mm –~microns (single particle)

12. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 201212 c.f. characteristics of a LEIR Radiobiology facility Energy reach –Fully stripped 12 C or 16 O up to 240 MeV/u –430 MeV/u (magnet limit) with new PS Possible beam lines –Horizontal (full energy) –Vertical (limited energy ~100 MeV/u) Large Hall –Currently used for storage –Space for radio biology laboratories Status: under consideration –Feasability study in progress –Funding? EU? Funding Agencies? Special budget? SpeciesCNONe Intensity1.4 10 9 0.4 10 9 1.1 10 9 0.25 10 9

13. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 201213 WHERE COULD WE HELP?

14. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 201214 A Compact Laser-Plasma Ion Source For radiobiology (see above) –Rapid change of ion species “Small” footprint –(shielding!) (few square metres) Low(ish) cost –Not defined, but “less than millions” For therapy –Use and an injector to a post-accelerator FFAG-like (accelerate a spectrum) Later (20-30) years? –Full therapy system

15. Ken PeachA Laser Afternoon: IntroductionImperial College, December 13 th 201215 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Develop a simple plasma-driven ion source? reliable, reproducible, flexible, “cheap” Radiobiology easier than therapy as a first phase Therapy injector useful as a second phase Therapy eventually aim for a compact CPT facility Is there a possible funding source?