1. Space Radiation Protection, Space Weather and Exploration 25 April 2012 1 Kerry Lee 2 J. Barzilla, 2 T. Bevill, 2 A. Dunegan, 1 D. Fry, 2 R. Gaza, 2 A.S. Johnson, 2 J. Keller, 2 M. Langford, 2 T. Lin, 2 N. Stoffle, 2 A. Welton and 1 N. Zapp 1 NASA Johnson Space Center, SF2, Houston, TX 77058 U.S.A. 2 Lockheed-Martin Space Operations, Houston, TX 77258 U.S.A.

2. OVERVIEW Operations Operations Measurements Measurements Design Design Analysis Analysis Space Weather Space Weather Status Status

3. Operations SRAG, est. 1962 SRAG, est. 1962 Real-time console operations Real-time console operations Crew, ambient monitoring Crew, ambient monitoring Pre-flight planning Pre-flight planning Design evaluations Design evaluations Radiation Health Office Radiation Health Office Interpretation Interpretation Record Keeping Record Keeping Risk Estimation Risk Estimation Crew Selection Crew Selection Space Medicine Division

4. Radiation Monitoring for Crew and Space Vehicle  Active Radiation Detectors  Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)  Charge Particle Directional Spectrometer (CPDS)  Intra-Vehicular TEPC( IV-TEPC)  Passive Radiation Detectors  Crew Passive Dosimeter (CPD)  ISS Radiation Area Monitor (RAM) Dosimeter  Console Operations Support  24 hours Contingency Support  4 hour/day Nominal Support

5. STS-116: Example Progression ?? ?? ?? STS-116 Launch EVA 1 EgressEVA 2 Egress Probability?

6. ISS Expd. 22-25/20A RAM Measured Dose Rates High absorbed dose rates: Lab window, SM Crew Quarters Low absorbed dose rates: Node 2 Crew Quarters, SM-339 (behind treadmil)

7. ISS TEPC Measurement During 2012 March SPE SAA Passes

8. Design and Analysis

9. Exposure Prediction Radiation Transport Particle Transport through Materials Radiation Transport Particle Transport through Materials Shielding CAD Models – As-built or Design Shielding CAD Models – As-built or Design Environment Particle spectrum (SPE/GCR) Environment Particle spectrum (SPE/GCR) Uncertainties Future Environment *Biological Impacts *Vehicle Design Details Transport Physics Uncertainties Future Environment *Biological Impacts *Vehicle Design Details Transport Physics Vehicle/Habitat Radiation Exposure Analysis

10. ISS Radiation Shielding Analysis

12. Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Design Analysis

13. Modified ISS US Lab Design

14. Deep Space Habitat “stack”

15. Deep Space Habitat Shielding Analysis

16. Effective Dose Depth Curves for Aluminum and Polyethylene Shields

17. Space Weather

18. Space Weather Forecasting Historical database for identification of event trending/characteristics Historical database for identification of event trending/characteristics Probabilistic modeling for operational mission planning Probabilistic modeling for operational mission planning ISEP: integration of probabilistic spectral and SEP dose modeling ISEP: integration of probabilistic spectral and SEP dose modeling Dose projection for in-event risk mitigation Dose projection for in-event risk mitigation Forecasting of event onset and impact outside of low-earth orbit. Forecasting of event onset and impact outside of low-earth orbit. MAG4 Model David Falconer University of Alabama

19. Future Space Weather Ops Ensure Data Availability Develop Forecasting Capability All-Clear Forecasting Workshop Subcontract Predictive Tool Development Assess current state of forecasting models and input data needs. Data Stream Development Data Requirements HEOMD/SMD/OCE Involvement (SRWG) Two-Fold Consideration 19

20. Operational Tool Development Assess model capability: Assess model capability: historical event database No single-model solution No single-model solution Highly complex environment: Highly complex environment: Multiple tools Bottom Line: Forecasting tools require input data. Ties forecasting ability to asset viability – agency level problem: SMD/ESMD/SMD/OCE 20

21. Status Current and Future Work

22. IV-TEPC is an updated version of the existing TEPC with similar capability in terms of operation and data types. Activated on orbit on April 23, 2012. First data being analyzed now.  Two omni-directional detectors attached to the spectrometer housing  Provides continuous real-time data and also stores data locally  Relocated about every 4 weeks  Requires power and data connections  Alarm threshold set at 5mrad/min (no local alarm - C&W system only) IV-TEPC

23. Radiation Environment Monitor (REM) The Timepix Detector  Developed as a High Energy Physics application of medical imaging technology  Hybrid Pixel Detector with independent counting and readout circuitry in each pixel footprint  256 x 256 pixel grid with total area of 2 cm2  Time Over Threshold mode coupled with calibration allows measurement of energy deposited per pixel Pixel Detector Image from Medipix collaboration website: http://medipix.web.cern.ch/medipix/img/medipix2/web_flipchip.gif Pixel Detector Technology

24. ISS Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) RIB (New for ISS) FND (New for ISS) RSH (MSL Heritage) 5.64" 11.75" 14.4" Weight = 24 lbs RAD Sensor Head Fast Neutron Detector RAD Interface Board  Designed to measure neutrons and charged particles from protons through Iron  Contains CPDS-like detector stack  Will provide real-time data  Can be relocated within the habitable volume  Currently in development based on the MSL-RAD instrument

25. Advanced Radiation Protection Project MC-CAD: Radiation protection design through analysis of complex CAD geometries using Monte Carlo radiation transport codes. MC-CAD: Radiation protection design through analysis of complex CAD geometries using Monte Carlo radiation transport codes. ISEP: The Integrated Solar Energetic Proton Event Alert Warning System. Collaboration with JSC/GSFC/MSFC/LaRC/Univ. Alabama/Univ. Tenn. ISEP: The Integrated Solar Energetic Proton Event Alert Warning System. Collaboration with JSC/GSFC/MSFC/LaRC/Univ. Alabama/Univ. Tenn. Both tasks are underway with expected operational products completed in Sept. 2014 Both tasks are underway with expected operational products completed in Sept. 2014

26. Technology Development Active Shielding Active Shielding Research to determine if it is mass and/or power prohibitive Research to determine if it is mass and/or power prohibitive Technology development on system components that will improve shielding effectiveness and decrease mass and power needs Technology development on system components that will improve shielding effectiveness and decrease mass and power needs Measurements Measurements ISS Detailed Test Objective – REMs starting this summer ISS Detailed Test Objective – REMs starting this summer Exploration Flight Test 1(EFT-1) (RAMs and REMs) – 2014 Exploration Flight Test 1(EFT-1) (RAMs and REMs) – 2014 Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) with an added fast neutron detector channel – 2015 Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) with an added fast neutron detector channel – 2015

27. Summary For long duration exploration missions (>6 months) new shielding solutions are needed to meet current NASA radiation risk limits For long duration exploration missions (>6 months) new shielding solutions are needed to meet current NASA radiation risk limits Progressively reducing mass and power requirements for radiation monitoring hardware Progressively reducing mass and power requirements for radiation monitoring hardware Collaborating to develop space weather forecasting tools for future human exploration missions Collaborating to develop space weather forecasting tools for future human exploration missions CAD design tool development to aide in space vehicle design to minimize parasitic shielding mass through analysis during vehicle design process CAD design tool development to aide in space vehicle design to minimize parasitic shielding mass through analysis during vehicle design process