1. Graphics in R

2. X<-c(1:25) Y<-X^2

3. Plot(X,Y) #more examples later

4. plot(X,Y,type="l") # more examples later

5. plot(X,Y,type="b")

6. plot(X,Y,type="c")

7. plot(X,Y,type="o")

8. plot(X,Y,type="S")

9. Main and labels plot(X,Y,main="Fuelconsumption for cars", xlab="weight of car",ylab="cl per mile",cex.lab=1.5, sub ="source: Källa",cex.main=2) Xlab creates label for X Ylab creates label for Y Sub creates subtitle cex.lab decides size of text on labels cex.main decides size of text on header

11. plot(X,Y) It is problematic to use function ”title” for writing labels because it writes over original labels title(main="Fuelconsumption for cars", xlab="weight of car",ylab="cl per mile”)

13. par(mfrow=c(2,2))#Multiple graphs in one picture. Choose your own dimensions i with # To illustrate different points is given by pch X<-c(1,2,3,4,5) Y<-X^2 plot(X,Y, pch=1, main=" turned squares") plot(X,Y, pch=2, main ="triangel") plot(X,Y, pch=3,main="plus") plot(X,Y, pch=4,main="X")

16. Get your own symbols plot(X,Y, pch="*",main=”starplot") Or choose your own string z<-c("H", "Å", "K", "A", "N") plot(X,Y, pch=z,main="Nameplot")

18. Text instead of points data<-read.table("Rstudy.txt",header=TRUE) attach(data) plot(beer,wine,type="n") text(beer,wine,country)

20. Regression library(foreign) lnu91<-read.dta("lnu91.dta") gender<-lnu91$y10 wage<-lnu91$y472 age<-lnu91$y11 lnu<-data.frame(wage,age,gender) lnu<-na.omit(lnu) rm(lnu91) rm(age,wage,gender) lnu 0) attach(lnu) plot(age,log(wage)) abline (lm(log(wage) ~ age )) #regressionslinje

22. Show different subgroups plot(age,wage,col=as.numeric(gender)) Col sets colour. R has over 650 different colours. Get a list with colors() plot(age,wage,col=as.numeric(gender),pch=as.numeric(gender)) Pch sets different characters Use replace to get the ”right” number

25. Saving graphs In pdf pdf("myfile.pdf") plot(X,Y)…………… dev.off() In postscript postscript("myfile.eps“, horizontal=FALSE) (A4) plot(x,y) …………… dev.off() In JPEG jpeg("myfile.jpeg") plot(X,Y)…… dev.off() Similar is available for png and bmp

26. Drawing functions curve(atan(x),-25,25) z<-seq(-25,0,0.01) a <-seq(0,25,0.01) z2<-c(rep(-1.57,length(z))) a2<-c(rep(1.57,length(a))) lines(a,a2,lty=2) lines(z,z2,lty=2) title(main="arctan")

28. Plotting normaldistribution For educationalpurposes (Picture on next slide) nx<-seq(-3,3,0.01) N<-dnorm(nx) plot(nx,N,type="l") polygon(c(nx[nx>=1.96],1.96),c(N[nx>=1.96],N[nx==3]),col="pink") arrows(2.6,0.1,2.5,0.01) text(2.65,.12,"2.5 %")

30. Histogram hist(wage) hist(wage,breaks=40) hist(wage,breaks=40,freq=FALSE) hist(wage,breaks=seq(0,300,20)) It is possible to cheat R with!!! hist(wage,breaks=c(0,25,50,75,100,125,500),freq=TRUE) With normal distribution curve hist(wage,breaks=40, prob=TRUE) x <- seq(0,400,1) lines(x,dnorm(x,mean(wage),sd(wage)))

32. Normal distributed? qqnorm(wage) qqline(wage) qqnorm(log(wage)) qqline(log(wage))

34. Barchart occu<- c(rep("Steelworker",320),rep("Chef",250),rep("Gardner",200),rep("Con structionworker",130)) barplot(occu) #doesn’t work occ.table <- table(occu) farger<-c("gold1", "gold2", "gold3", "gold4 ") #Chooses a string with colournames) barplot(occ.table,col=farger) barplot(occ.table,col=farger,horiz=TRUE,main="occupations",xlab="F requency") Source for further barcharts issuses http://ww2.coastal.edu/kingw/psyc480/html/barplot_tips.html

37. Barcharts continuing Gender<- rep(c("man","man","woman","woman","woman","man","man","man", "woman","man"),time=90) #creates Gender variabel Occ.table2<-table(Gender,occu) Occ.table2<-table(Gender,occu) #legend gives ”box” barplot(Occ.table2,legend=T,ylim=c(0,400)) # Bedside gives pairwise, ylim sets range of y barplot(Occ.table2,legend=T,ylim=c(0,250),beside=T)

40. Piechart seq(0.4,1.0,length=4) 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 pie(occ.table, col=gray(seq(0.4,1.0,length = 4))) Radius decides how big radius is to be Too change background colour: par(bg="pink") # sets to pink until changed pie(occ.table, col=gray(seq(0.4,1.0,length = 4)))

43. Different sizes of the symbols Different sizes of the symbols is given by Q<-c(7,3,4,5,12) #gives different sizes for the coordinates symbols(X,Y,squares = Q) # Färglägger W<-c(2,3,6,3,6) symbols(X,Y,squares = Q,fg=W) symbols(X,Y,squares = Q,bg=W) symbols(X,Y,squares = Q,bg=W,fg=W) Country<-c ("Sweden", "Iceland", "Denmark", "Finland", "Norway") text(X,Y,Country)

45. Different kinds of lines par(mfrow=c(2,1)) plot(X,Y, type=“l”,lty=0, main= “blank line”) plot(X,Y, type=“l”,lty=1, main= “solid line”) plot(X,Y, type=”l”,lty=2, main= “dashed line”) plot(X,Y, type=”l”,lty=3, main= “dotted line”) plot(X,Y, type=”l”,lty=4, main= “dotdash line”) plot(X,Y, type=”l”,lty=5, main= “longdash line”) plot(X,Y, type=”l”,lty=6, main= “twodash line”)