1. Google’s Billion Dollar Eigenvector Gerald Kruse, PhD. John ‘54 and Irene ‘58 Dale Professor of MA, CS and I T Interim Assistant Provost 2013-14 Juniata College Huntingdon, PA kruse@juniata.edu http://faculty.juniata.edu/kruse

2. Now, back to Search Engines… What must they do? Crawl the web and locate all public pages Index the “crawled” data so it can be searched Rank the pages for more effective searching ( the focus of this talk )

3. PageRank is NOT a simple citation index NOTE: While PageRank is an important part of Google’s search results, it is not the sole means used to rank pages. AB Which is the more popular page below, A or B? What if the links to A were from unpopular pages, and the one link to B was from www.yahoo.com ? www.yahoo.com

4. Intuitively PageRank is analogous to popularity The web as a graph: each page is a vertex, each hyperlink a directed edge. A page is popular if a few very popular pages point (via hyperlinks) to it. A page could be popular if many not-necessarily popular pages point (via hyperlinks) to it. Page APage B Page C Which of these three would have the highest page rank?

5. So what is the mathematical definition of PageRank? In particular, a page’s rank is equal to the sum of the ranks of all the pages pointing to it. note the scaling of each page rank note the scaling of each page rank

6. Writing out the equation for each web-page in our example gives: Page APage B Page C

7. Even though this is a circular definition we can calculate the ranks. Re-write the system of equations as a Matrix- Vector product. The PageRank vector is simply an eigenvector of the coefficient matrix, with

8. Page APage B Page C PageRank = 0.4 PageRank = 0.2 Note: we choose the eigenvector with

9. Note that the coefficient matrix is column-stochastic* Every column-stochastic matrix has 1 as an eigenvalue. * As long as there are no “dangling nodes” and the graph is connected.

10. In Page, Brin, et. al. [1], they suggest dangling nodes most likely would occur from pages which haven’t been crawled yet, and so they “simply remove them from the system until all the PageRanks are calculated.” It is interesting to note that a column-substochastic does have a positive eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector with non-negative entries, which is called the Perron eigenvector, as detailed in Bryan and Leise [2]. Dangling Nodes have no outgoing links Page B Page A Page C In this example, Page C is a dangling node. Note that its associated column in the coefficient matrix is all 0. Matrices like these are called column-substochastic.

11. In this example, the eigenspace assiciated with eigenvalue is two-dimensional. Which eigenvector should be used for ranking? A disconnected graph could lead to non-unique rankings Page D Page C Page E Page B Page A Notice the block diagonal structure of the coefficient matrix. Note: Re-ordering via permutation doesn’t change the ranking, as in [2].

12. Add a “random-surfer” term to the simple PageRank formula. This models the behavior of a real web-surfer, who might jump to another page by directly typing in a URL or by choosing a bookmark, rather than clicking on a hyperlink. Originally, m=0.15 in Google, according to [2]. can also be written as: can also be written as: Let S be an n x n matrix with all entries 1/n. S is column- stochastic, and we consider the matrix M, which is a weighted average of A and S. Important Note: We will use this formulation with A when computing x, and s is a column vector with all entries 1/n, where if

13. This gives a regular matrix In matrix notation we have In matrix notation we have Since we can rewrite as The new coefficient matrix is regular, so we can calculate the eigenvector iteratively. This iterative process is a series of matrix-vector products, beginning with an initial vector (typically the previous PageRank vector). These products can be calculated without explicitly creating the huge coefficient matrix.

14. The eigenspace associated with is one- dimensional, and the normalized eigenvector is M for our previous disconnected graph, with m=0.15 Page D Page C Page E Page B Page A So the addition of the random surfer term permits comparison between pages in different subwebs.

15. The web currently contains tens of billions of pages. How does Google compute an eigenvector for something this large? One possibility is the power method. In [2], it is shown that every positive (all entries are > 0) column-stochastic matrix M has a unique vector q with positive components such that Mq = q, with, and it can be computed as, for any initial guess with positive components and. Iterative Calculation

16. Rather than calculating the powers of M directly, we could use the iteration,. Since M is positive, would be an calculation. As we mentioned previously, Google uses the equivalent expression in the computation: These products can be calculated without explicitly creating the huge coefficient matrix, since A contains mostly 0’s. The iteration is guaranteed to converge, and it will converge quicker with a better first guess, so the previous PageRank vector is used as the initial vector. Iterative Calculation continued

17. “Google-ing” Google

18. Results in an early paper from Page, Brin et. al. while in graduate school

19. Attempts to Manipulate Search Results Via a “Google Bomb”

20. Liberals vs. Conservatives!

21. Juniata’s own “Google Bomb”

22. At Juniata, CS 315 is my “Analysis and Algorithms” course

23. “Ego Surfing” Be very careful…

24. More than one Gerald Kruse…

25. Miscellaneous points Try a search in Google on “PigeonRank.” What types of sites would Google NOT give good results on? PageRank is not the only means Google uses to order search results.

26. Bibliography [1] S. Brin, L. Page, et. al., The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web, http://dbpubs.stanford.edu/pub/1999-66, Stanford Digital Libraries Project (January 29, 1998). http://dbpubs.stanford.edu/pub/1999-66 [2] K. Bryan and T. Leise, The $25,000,000,000 Eigenvector: The Linear Algebra behind Google, SIAM Review, 48 (2006), pp. 569-581. [3] G. Strang, Linear Algebra and Its Applications, Brooks-Cole, Boston, MA, 2005. [4] D. Poole, Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction, Brooks-Cole, Boston, MA, 2005.

27. Any Questions? Slides available at http://faculty.juniata.edu/kruse