1. Increase Your Albedo! Exploring the Fate of Arctic Sea Ice

2. What is Albedo? Albedo is the fraction of solar radiation incident on a surface that is reflected. In plain terms, albedo is the ability of a surface to reflect the suns radiation. Your white t-shirt has a higher albedo than your darker ones… thats why it keeps you cool in the summer!

3. Pop Quiz! Guess which terrestrial surface type has the most albedo… (reflects more sunlight than it absorbs). Albedo is expressed as a percentage of reflected radiation (0.1 or 10%)

4. Pop Quiz

5. The Big Picture The Earth as a whole reflects about 30% of incoming solar radiation back into space Clouds and snow/ice each have an albedo of roughly 80% © NASA

6. So What? Clouds and ice are basically the thermostats of the planet Theyre regulating the temperature of the Earth by reflecting much of the solar radiation it receives © CASES

7. Whats Going On? The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has made some startling observations: Arctic sea-ice extent has decreased by 3% per decade between 1978- 1996 Summer sea-ice extent has shrunk by 20% (880,000 sq. km) in the Atlantic part of the Arctic Ocean Arctic air temperature has risen by as much as 5˚C during the 20 th century with the last decade being the warmest There is consistent evidence of later Fall freeze-up and earlier Spring breakup

8. Whats Next? Loss of sea ice (80% albedo) gives way to water (3-5% albedo)! This net loss of albedo results in further heat absorption at Earths surface, resulting in more sea ice melting, resulting in more warming… Its a positive feedback loop! © CASES

10. Whats CASES? The Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study A Canadian-led international research network made up more than 70 researchers from Canada and 9 other countries Goal: Understand and model the response of biogeochemical and ecological cycles to atmospheric, oceanic and continental forcing of sea-ice cover variability on the Mackenzie Shelf In simpler terms: Study the effects of changing sea-ice cover on the Arctic environment!

11. Mackenzie Shelf

12. The Amundsen Inauguration: August 26, 2003 in Québec City Named after Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen: 1 st to navigate Northwest Passage from 1903-1906 and to reach the South Pole in 1911 Only Canadian ship to have full-time dual role of icebreaking and scientific research

13. The Amundsen

14. Large-scale density-driven circulation in the oceans, driven by differences in temperature and salinity. Cold salty water sinks and warmer water rises.

15. Maximum and Minimum Ice Minimum in Fall (September) Maximum in Spring (March) Ice no longer extends as far and now retreats further Whats in store for the future? © CASES

16. Present and Future Ice Cover Today2050 © CASES

17. Whats in Store for Nanook? Ice freezes later and melts sooner: Less feeding time Seals fewer and farther out: Longer distance to feed More open water: Fatigue from swimming © NFB-ONF

18. The Northwest Passage © CASES

19. Passage Pioneers Roald Amundsen, August 1905, first successful navigation. Aboard the Gjoa (Oslo-Pacific). St-Roch, 1944, Northern Deep-Water Route. Sedna IV, August- November 2002, sailed from Magdalen Island to Vancouver. Whats next? © CASES

20. Oslo to Tokyo Total travel distance for a one-way trip from Norway to Japan: Via Panama Canal: 24 000 km Via Cape Horn: 35 000 km Via Suez Canal (Asian Route): 21 500 km Via Northwest Passage: 14 500 km

21. Activity We will be drawing the most efficient (and realistic) route between the southern tip of Greenland to the Bering Strait! 1.Groups of 4 (or more). 2.You will need: String, Adhesive, Ruler. 3.Try to draw your own way across the Northwest Passage by navigating the shortest distance. 4.Good Luck!

22. Discussion