1. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 1 A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY (1812–1840) Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements Section 3: The Age of Jackson Section 4: Indian Removal Section 5: American Culture Chapter 12

2. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 2 OBJECTIVES  How did the United States settle its land disputes with Great Britain and Spain?  Why did President Monroe issue the Monroe Doctrine, and what were its most important points? Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism

3. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 3 Treaties Settling Disputes between the United States, Great Britain and Spain Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) – limited naval power (Great Britain) Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) – limited naval power (Great Britain) Convention of 1818 – settled fishing rights and established a border (Great Britain) Convention of 1818 – settled fishing rights and established a border (Great Britain) Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 – Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 – Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States Monroe Doctrine (1823) (Europe, Central and South America) Monroe Doctrine (1823) (Europe, Central and South America) Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism

4. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 4 Why Monroe Issued the Monroe Doctrine Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine because he feared that Latin American independence would encourage European powers to take control on the newly independent countries. Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Monroe Doctrine – President James Monroe’s statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that the United States would view any attempt by a foreign country to colonize as a hostile act

5. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 5 SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Question: How did the United States settle its land disputes with Great Britain and Spain?

6. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 6 SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Compromise with Great Britain Rush-Bagot Agreement Terms: limited naval power on the Great Lakes gave the United States fishing rights off parts of Newfoundland and Labrador coasts established a border between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel, as far west as the Rockies agreed to joint occupation of the Pacific Northwest Convention of 1818 Terms: Compromise with Spain Adams-Onis Treaty Terms: Spain gave Florida to the United States. The United States gave up claims to present-day Texas. United States took responsibility for up to $5 million of United States citizens’ claims against Spain.

7. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 7 OBJECTIVES  What issues was the Missouri Compromise supposed to address?  How did improvements in transportation affect the United States?  Why was the 1824 presidential election controversial? Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

8. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 8 The Missouri Compromise addressed two issues: the expansion of slavery the expansion of slavery the balance of free and slave states the balance of free and slave states Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

9. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 9 Transportation Improvements united the country united the country aided trade and economy aided trade and economy Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

10. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 10 Election of 1824 The election of 1824 was controversial because Adams was accused of making a corrupt bargain with Clay. Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

11. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 11 SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Question: How did improvements in transportation affect the United States?

12. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 12 SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Roads Affect on the United States Overall results of improvements in transportation connected the East coast to the interior United States ImprovementsExamples Cumberland Road turnpikes CanalsErie Canalprovided faster and cheaper routes for goods to market Both resulted in connecting regions of the United States.

13. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 13 OBJECTIVES  How was Jacksonian Democracy a sign of change in American politics?  How did tariff disputes lead to the nullification crisis, and how did President Jackson respond?  Why was President Jackson against a national bank, and how did his opposition affect the economy? Section 3: The Age of Jackson

14. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 14 Jacksonian Democracy expanded voting rights expanded voting rights nominating conventions nominating conventions Section 3: The Age of Jackson Nominating conventions – public meetings to select the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates

15. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 15 Nullification Crisis Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs and the southern farmers wanted low tariffs leading to the nullification crisis. Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs and the southern farmers wanted low tariffs leading to the nullification crisis. The crisis was resolved by a congressional compromise to lower tariffs gradually. The crisis was resolved by a congressional compromise to lower tariffs gradually. Section 3: The Age of Jackson

16. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 16 Jackson’s Position on a National Bank Jackson opposed the power of a national bank. Jackson opposed the power of a national bank. His opposition effected the economy by leading to inflation. His opposition effected the economy by leading to inflation. Section 3: The Age of Jackson

17. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 17 Regional Issues – 30 years BEFORE the Civil War. Tariffs Tariffs Federal vs State - Nullification crisis – “states’ rights” Federal vs State - Nullification crisis – “states’ rights” Federal vs State – 2 nd National Bank Federal vs State – 2 nd National Bank Federal Law superior to State Law (McCulloch v Maryland) Federal Law superior to State Law (McCulloch v Maryland) Section 3: The Age of Jackson

18. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 18 SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Question: How did tariff disputes lead to the nullification crisis and how did President Jackson respond?

19. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 19 SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson STEPS LEADING TO THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS Southern states asserted their right to nullify protective tariffs, which they argued hurt their economy. Jackson condemned nullification. Jackson threatened to send federal troops to South Carolina to enforce federal laws.

20. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 20 OBJECTIVES  Why did the federal and state governments begin an American Indian removal policy?  How did American Indians such as the Cherokee resist removal?  How were American Indians affected by the removal from their lands? Section 4: Indian Removal

21. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 21 Indian Removal Act To end Indian conflicts and to open a southern settlement, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which authorized the removal of Indians east of the Mississippi River. Section 4: Indian Removal

22. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 22 Cherokees resisted removal by: adopting white culture adopting white culture creating a government based on the U.S. creating a government based on the U.S. suing the state of Georgia suing the state of Georgia Section 4: Indian Removal

23. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 23 The Indian Response The Indians met removal with armed resistance leading to many Indian deaths. Section 4: Indian Removal

24. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 24 SECTION 4 Indian Removal Question: Why did federal and state governments begin an American Indian removal policy?

25. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 25 SECTION 4 Indian Removal Reasons for American Indian Removal Policy to end disputes between American Indians and settlers to open up American Indian land to settlers for farming Gold was discovered Seminole were harboring slaves and raiding towns

26. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 26 OBJECTIVES  Who were the favorite writers of the early 1800’s, and what did they write about?  What was the focus of the Hudson River school? Section 5: American Culture

27. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 27 Writers of the 1800’s and Their Subjects William Wirt – biographies of Revolutionary heroes William Wirt – biographies of Revolutionary heroes Washington Irving – American history using satire Washington Irving – American history using satire James Fenimore Cooper – novels and historical fiction James Fenimore Cooper – novels and historical fiction Catharine Maria Sedgwick – historical fiction and novels Catharine Maria Sedgwick – historical fiction and novels Section 5: American Culture

28. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 28 Hudson River School The Hudson River school focused on artists painting landscapes that depicted the beauty of nature. Section 5: American Culture

29. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 29 SECTION 5 American Culture Question: What topics did favorite writers of the early 1800s write about?

30. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1914 30 SECTION 5 American Culture Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Catharine Maria Sedgwick WritersSubjects American Revolution, settlement, and the landscape FAVORITE AMERICAN WRITERS OF THE EARLY 1800s