1. Quality Planning & Defect Estimation
Ch # 7
Quality Planning & Defect Estimation

2. Introduction Quality  determines success factor
Definition  Delivered Defect Density i.e. the number of defects per unit size in the delivered software (de facto industry standard)
For high-quality software, final product should have as few defects as possible.
For delivery of high-quality software, active removal of defects is necessary; this removal takes place through quality control activities of reviews & testing.
Quality control is different from quality assurance . Whereas quality control focuses on finding & removing defects, the main purpose of quality assurance is to verify that applicable procedures & standards are being followed.

3. Quality Management Software Quality & Defects
Software development is highly people-oriented activity-and hence error-prone.
Defects can be injected in software at any stage during its evolution. These stages are primarily requirements specification, HLD, DD & coding.
Project’s process includes many activities for defect identification, which then leads to their removal.
Identification & removal are two distinct activities
Larger the latency of defects more it costs to remove
Activities for defect removal include requirements reviews design reviews, code reviews, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, & acceptance testing. Process of injection & removal is depicted in fig[A].
Task of QM is to plan suitable quality control activities & then properly execute & control these activities such that most defects are detected “in-process” – i.e., before software is delivered

4. Quality Management Design R Development process Coding UT IT / ST AT
Requirements
analysis
Design R
Development
process
Coding UT
IT / ST AT
Defect removal
R – removal
UT – unit testing
IT – integration testing
ST – system testing
AT – acceptance testing
Fig[A] : Defect injection & removal

5. Quality Management Procedural Approach to Quality Management
Defects are detected by performing reviews or testing. Whereas reviews are structured, human-oriented processes. Testing is process of executing software in attempt to identify defects.
In procedural approach for QM, procedures & guidelines for review & testing activities are established. In a project, these activities are planned during execution, they are carried out according to defined procedures.
Execution of activities identifies defects, which are later removed.
Procedural approach to defect removal does not allow claims to be made about percentage of defects removed or quality of software following procedure’s completion.
Key drawback  Lack of quantitative means for project manager to assess quality of software produced – only factor visible to manager is whether quality control tasks are executed

6. Quality Management Quantitative Approach to Quality Management
Quantitative QM has 2 key aspects : setting quantitative quality goal & then managing software development process quantitatively so that this quality goal is met.
Managing process quantitatively requires that intermediate goals are met during actual project execution, the quality goal will be met.
Proper quantitative quality management is expected at level 4 of CMM
One approach to quantitatively controlling quality of software is to work with software reliability models. These models can indicate whether reliability is acceptable or more testing is needed.
Unfortunately, reliability models do not provide intermediate goals for early phases of project.
This approach makes management of quality closely resemble management of effort & schedule – two major success parameters of project.
Conti…

7. Quality Management Quantitative Approach to Quality Management
Another well-known quality concept in software is defect removal efficiency. This parameter provides good measure of effectiveness of quality control activities in process.
For quality control we define defect removal efficiency (DRE) as percentage of total defects that exist at that time that are detected by QC activity.
DRE = Defects found by QC activity
Total errors in product before QC Activity

8. Quality Management
Quantitative Quality Management Through Defect Prediction
One approach to quantitative quality management is through defect prediction. Here quality goal is set in terms of delivered defect density.
For process management, predicted defect levels become benchmark against which actual defect levels are compared to evaluate whether development process is moving in direction of achieving quality goal.
Effectiveness of this approach depends on one key factor: how well we can predict defect levels at different stages of project.
One approach to making this prediction is to use concepts of defect removal efficiency and defect injection rate.
Yet another approach is to use observed defect pattern in projects to forecast defect levels.
Conti…

9. Quality Management
Quantitative Quality Management Through Defect Prediction
If total number of defects introduced into project can be estimated, then percentage distribution can be used to estimate number of defects expected to be identified at different stages.
Total number of defects in project increases with size of software; its normalized value can be represented as defect injection rate, which is number of defects per unit size.
Major assumption in this approach is that defect injection rates can be predicted for project. Hence past data on injection rates can be used to estimate injection rate in current projects.