1. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { “STS” } WITH RESPECT TO THE BOOK - “ DOES TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? – THE DILEMMA OF TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION ” BY MERRITT ROE SMITH & LEO MARX, EDITORS FRANK J. GADEK, PH.D. “ STILL INITIAL DRAFT ONLY “

2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 2 1994 MIT, 280 PAGES ISBN 0-262-69167-1 IT IS MORE OF A PHILOSOPHY TYPE BOOK COMPARED TO THE VERY FACTUAL BOOKS BY HEADRICK & OTHRS SUCH AN APPROACH WAS MISSING IN MY DECADES OF STS RESEARCH, SO I INCLUDED IT NOW

3. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 3 13 ESSAYS EXPLORE THIS CRUCIAL HISTORICAL QUESTION DOES SOCIETY’S TECHNOLOGY DETERMINE ITS – POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC & CULTURAL FORMS ? BUT GENERALLY, TECHNOLOGIES ARE NOT AUTONOMOUS, BUT SOCIAL PRODUCTS, SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEMOCRATIC CONTROLS BUT TECHNOLOGY IS CERTAINLY “AN AGENT OF CHANGE” IN SOCIETY

4. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS I HAVE INCLUDED CHAPTER NUMBERS, SINCE THEY DID NOT, FOLLOWED BY THE CHAPTER TITLE, FIRST PAGE NUMBER, AUTHOR [S] THESE CAN GIVE YOU SOME OF THE “FLAVOR” OF THE BOOK INTRODUCTION - IX - LEO MARX & MERRITT ROE SMITH CHAPTER 1 – TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM IN AMERICAN CULTURE - 1 - MERRITT ROE SMITH CHAPTER 2 – RECOURSE OF EMPIRE: LANDSCAPES OF PROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGICAL AMERICA – 37 – MICHAEL L. SMITH CHAPTER 3 – DO MACHINES MAKE HISTORY ? – 53 – ROBERT L. HEILBRONER

5. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 5 CHAPTER 4 – TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM REVISITED - 67 – ROBERT HEILBRONER CHAPTER 5 – THREE FACES OF TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM – 79 – BRUCE BIMBER CHAPTER 6 – TECHNOLOGICAL MEMENTUM – 101 – THOMAS P. HUGHES CHAPTER 7 – RETRIEVING SOCIOTECHNICAL CHANGE FROM TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION – 115 – THOMAS J. MISA CHAPTER 8 – DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINACY IN THE HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY – 143 – PHILIP SCRANTON CHAPTER 9 -

6. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 6 THEY USE THE FOLLOWING QUOTE A LOT WITH RESPECT TO THE DEBATE ON DETERMINISM – KARL MARX – “THE HAND-MILL GIVES YOU SOCIETY WITH THE FEUDAL LORD THE STEAMMILL, SOCIETY WITH THE INDUSTRIAL CAPITALIST” IT REMINDS US OF HOW OUR FAST-CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES WILL ALTER OUR LIVES [BACK COVER]

7. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 7 IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, SO MANY OF US HAVE “DIRECT FIRST HAND EXPERIENCE” WITH COMPUTERS AND HOW THEY HAVE SO DRAMATICALLY CHANGED OUR LIVES IN SO MANY WAYS EVEN FOR THOSE WHO MAY NOT USE COMPUTERS ! [P#IX]

8. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 8 BUT IS TECHNOLOGY AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY, A VIRTUAL AUTONOMOUS AGENT OF CHANGE ? ARE THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF OUR TECHNICAL INGENUITY FAR- REACHING, CUMULATIVE, MUTUALLY REINFORCING & IRREVERSIBLE ? DO INVENTIONS TAKE ON “A LIFE OF THEIR OWN” ? DO WHOLE NETWORKS OF SYSTEMS BECOME INDISPENSIBLE FOR THE ECONOMY & BECOME A PRECONDITION FOR REPRODUCTION OF THE ENTIRE SOCIAL ORDER ? IF YES, THIS CAN BE CONSIDERED A DETERMINISTIC VIEW [P#XI]

9. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 9 REDEFINED TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM – HUMAN TENDENCY TO CREATE A KIND OF SOCIETY THAT INVESTS TECHNOLOGIES WITH ENOUGH POWER TO DRIVE HISTORY HUMANITY’S CHOICE OF ITS FUTURE – EXPRESSION OF FREEDOM OR EXPRESSION OF NECESSITY A DILEMMA WHY THEY DECIDED TO PRESENT THESE ESSAYS – TO ELUCIDATE THESE ISSUES & DILEMMA NOTE – TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IS NOT JUST A WESTERN ENDEAVOUR ANY LONGER, BUT IS GLOBAL [P#XIV]

10. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 10 TWO EXTREME FORMS OF DETERMINISTIC VIEW – HARD & SOFT HARD – TECHNOLOGY ITSELF LEADS TO INESCAPABLE NECESSITY PERMIT FEW ALTERNATIVES BUT NOT AN ORGANIZED INSTITUTION BUT SO FAR, TECHNOLOGY IS STILL CONTROLLED BY HUMANS – WILL THIS CONTINUE? SINGLE CAUSE FOR GENESIS OF PRESUMED DETERMINATIVE POWER OF TECHOLOGICAL INNOVATION OPTIMIST – FUTURE IS OUTCOME OF MANY FREE CHOICES & REALIZATION OF THE DREAM OF PROGRESS PESSIMIST – PRODUCT OF NECESSITY’S IRON HAND & POINTS TO A TOTALITARIAN NIGHTMARE [P#XII]

11. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 11 NOTE – THE MOVIES 2001 & 2010 & THE NOVELS BY ARTHUR C. CLARKE {SP} THEY ARE BASED ON – EXPLORE THE AREAS OF COMPUTERS TAKING OVER & LIFE IN OUTER SPACE, MUCH DIFFERENT THAN OUR KNOWN LIFE FORMS AS THIS IS BEING WRITTEN BY ME, WE ARE IN THE FIRST DAYS OF 2010 ! CERTAINLY COMPUTERS CONTINUE TO CONTROL MORE OF OUR LIVES ALL THE TIME REPORTS OF “STRANGE HAPPENINGS” [EXTRATERRESTRIALS ?] ON OUR PLANET HAVE CONTINUED

12. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 12 SOFT – HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY IS HISTORY OF HUMAN ACTIONS HUMAN ACTORS INVOLVED MANY CAUSES WHY DID THEY DO IT & NOT OTHERS? WHY THEN & IN THAT PLACE? WHO BENEFITED / SUFFERED? TECHNOLOGY LOCATED IN MORE VARIOUS, COMPLEX SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL & CULTURAL MATRIX - WHICH SEEMS MORE PLAUSIBLE [P#XIII]

13. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 13 MY “PRESENT TAKE” ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY [STS] BASED ON MY PAST EXPERIENCES, EDUCATION, POSITIONS, RESEARCH, ETC. IT MAY BE TOO SIMPLISTIC TO TRY TO CATEGORIZE “ALL” OF STS INTO JUST ONE OR A FEW SPECIFIC APPROACHES THIS CAN BE SIMILAR TO SOME MISUNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT EVEN JUST THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – IT IS JUST A BASIC STATIC DETAILED “ROADMAP” FOR MAKING DISCOVERIES ABOUT NATURE – THIS IS FAR FROM WHAT IS INVOLVED, BUT SOME MAY LOOK AT IT IN THIS VERY SIMPLISTIC WAY WITH THE GREAT DIVERSITY OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS & HOW THEY BECAME SUCCESSFUL, IT WOULD SEEM THAT ONE PARTICULAR “WAY” TO DO ALL THIS WOULD BE A VERY SUSPECT

14. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 14 STS HAS COMPONENTS OF ALL 3 AREAS - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY COMPONENTS IN SOME STS AREAS, ONE OR MORE OF THESE COMPONENTS MAY DOMINATE OR BE OF MINOR CONTRIBUTION LIKE WITH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – THERE IS BOTH ART & SCIENCE INVOLVED, AS THERE IS WITH HUMANITIES & OTHER AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE THIS IS VERY SIMILAR TO MANY OTHER AREAS OF ENDEAVOUR ULTIMATELY, THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT & DIVERSE AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE & EXPLORATION INVOLVED IN HUMAN ENDEAVORS SOME MAY BE OF MORE IMPORTANCE & USE THAN OTHERS, DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC ENDEAVOR INVOLVED.

15. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 15 DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC AND / OR TECHNOLOGY, MANY DIFFERENT AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE MAY BE INVOLVED, WITH VARYING DEGREES OF IMPORTANCE EACH SCIENTIFIC / TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT MAY OCCUR BY ITS OWN UNIQUE COMBINATION OF BOTH SCIENCE & ART, ALONG WITH SO MANY OTHER FACTORS – TIMING, LUCK, FUNDING, SOCIETAL CLIMATE / NEEDS / DEVELOPMENT AT THAT TIME, ETC. INSPIRATION & PERSPIRATION THERE IS NO ONE DETAILED ROADMAP TO FOLLOW FOR SUCCESS IN ALL OF THE SO DIFFERENT AREAS OF EXPLORATION

16. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 16 A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE MIGHT BE OSBORNE’S “HYPERGROWTH” TO DESCRIBE THE EARLY DAYS OF PORTABLE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS [PPC’S] SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY OF COMPUTING WAS PROGRESSING AT TREMENDOUS SPEEDS CONSUMER DEMAND WAS MORE THAN ANYONE HAD IMAGINED HOW TO TRY TO BEST MEET THESE CHALLENGES ? NO ONE HAD EVER EXPERIENCED IT IN THE PAST THERE WERE NO MODELS / GUIDELINES / ETC. SOME OPTION WORKED & SOME DID NOT – NONE WORKED FOR VERY LONG – THINGS WERE CONTINUALLY CHANGING SO DRAMATICALLY & SO FAST

17. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 17 HOW DID ALL OF THIS COMPUTING START ? THERE ARE MANY DIVERSE FACTORS – TEENAGERS WORKING UNSUPERVISED IN GARAGES & THEIR BEDROOMS NEED OF SOCIETY TO BETTER MANAGE THEIR WORLD BUSINESS NEEDING TO GET INTO NEW AREAS TO REMAIN PROFITABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS TIMING / LUCK / HARD WORK / PERSISTENCE ENTREPRENURIAL & STRUCTURED OPTIONS ETC.

18. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 18 ANY OF THESE FACTORS COULD BE MISSING, BUT THE PROGRESS OF COMPUTING WOULD JUST BE DELAYED, NOT STOPPED OTHER FACTORS COULD INHIBIT OR FOSTER PROGRESS IN COMPUTING & THEY DID, BUT THEY COULD NOT PREVENT IT

19. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 19 THERE ARE TANGIBLE & “HARD” FACTORS INVOLVED – IMPROVED MANUFACTURING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSES WITH THE NEED TO PRODUCTIVELY INVEST THEIR GROWING PROFITS, ETC. BUT THERE WERE ALSO VERY INTANGIBLE & “SOFT” FACTORS – IDEALISM, CURIOSITY, OPPORTUNITY, ETC. “NOBODY TOLD THEM IT COULD NOT BE DONE” – THE UNKNOWN TO BE EXPLORED “SOMEBODY SAID IT COULD NOT BE DONE” - A CHALLENGE

20. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 20 ALAN KAY, OF EARLY COMPUTER FAME, HAD TWO VERY OPPOSITE QUOTES THAT ARE APPROPRIATE IN MANY WAYS – “TO PREDICT THE FUTURE – PREVENT IT” REGRESSIVE, FEAR OF FUTURE, NOT WANTING TO CHANGE, ETC. “TO PREDICT THE FUTURE – INVENT IT” EMBRACE FUTURE, PROGRESSIVE, EMBRACE FUTURE, DESIRING CHANGE, ETC.

21. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 21 THE FAMOUS QUOTE BY MANY – “ONLY CHANGE IS CONSTANT !” IT WILL HAPPEN, NO MATTER WHO & WHAT IS DONE IT IS JUST A MATTER OF TIME SOONER OR LATER BUT IT WILL HAPPEN SO WHY NOT PREPARE FOR IT & “JUST DO IT ?”

22. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 22 SO OVERALL, TO TRY TO PREDICT / ANTICIPATE SPECIFIC STS DEVELOPMENTS IS VERY DIFFICULT, PARTICULARLY BECAUSE THERE ARE SO MANY VARIABLES HOWEVER, THE MORE YOU KNOW ABOUT STS & HOW IT OPERATES, YOU CAN BETTER MANAGE WHATEVER STS DEVELOPS, ESPECIALLY IN YOUR OWN PERSONAL LIFE STS IS HERE & IT IS NOT GOING AWAY SO JUST DEAL WITH IT DEVELOP MORE OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF STS & THE MANY ISSUES INVOLVED SO YOU CAN DEVISE AN APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT PLAN GOOD LUCK – WE WILL ALL NEED IT ! WE HAVE SURVIVED SO FAR & HOPEFULLY THIS SUCCESS WILL CONTINUE

23. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 23 SCHEMATIC / DIAGRAM OF HOW THIS TOPIC FITS INTO MY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { “ STS “ } DECADES OF RESEARCH

24. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 24

25. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 25

26. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 26

27. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 27

28. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 28

29. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 29 SMALL & SHORT BOOK OF ONLY 221 PAGES BUT PACKED WITH VERY INSIGHTFUL DETAILS OF JUST HOW IMPERIALISTIC EMPIRES WERE FOSTERED BY NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 1800’S SUCCESS OF SUCH IMPERIALISM / COLONIALISM CREATED MANY SERIOUS ISSUES IN THE 1900’S, INCLUDING WORLD WARS.

30. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 30

31. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 31

32. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 32 AS WITH ALL MY PRESENTATIONS – YOU SHOULD DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH ON SUCH TOPICS IT IS SO EASY TODAY WITH THE INTERNET YOU CAN THEN FORM YOUR OWN OPINIONS ESPECIALLY ABOUT VERY CONTROVERSIAL & LESS THAN CLEAR GLOBAL ISSUES – PAST & PRESENT PLEASE SHARE YOUR RESEARCH RESULTS WITH THE REST OF US SO WE CAN ALL BENEFIT

33. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 33 I FEEL MY FUNCTION IS – TO ALERT YOU TO VERY FASCINATING HISTORICAL EVENTS TO STIMULATE YOU FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION HELP YOU DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH SO YOU CAN FORM YOUR OWN VIEWS ON THESE EVENTS POSSIBLY PRESENT CERTAIN ASPECTS IN NEW & DIFFERENT WAYS OF “THINKING” ABOUT SUCH “ STS “ [SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY] DEVELOPMENTS FROM MY VERY UNIQUE & DIVERSE PERSPECTIVE BASED ON MY PAST EDUCATION, POSITIONS, TRAINING, EXPERIENCES, RESEARCH, ETC.

34. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 34 IN ANY EVENT – BY NO MEANS AM I ANY KIND OF “EXPERT” THERE ARE MANY VIEWS TO MANY EVENTS IN HISTORY IT IS THE GREAT DIVERSITY OF INTERPRETATIONS OF THESE EVENTS BY HUMANITY THAT WE MAY GET TO A BETTER APPRECIATION OF THE “REAL” TRUTH OF SUCH COMPLEX MATTERS, WHATEVER THAT MAY BE BY SHARING SUCH DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES, WE MAY GAIN A BETTER APPRECIATION OF “ STS “ IN GENERAL SO WE CAN UNDERSTAND IT BETTER & MANAGE IT BETTER IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES, FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL

35. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 35 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { STS } BUT CONTINUED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS PROVIDED NEW MEANS TO SUCCESSFULLY OVERCOME THESE INHIBITORS & TO DO IT ECONOMICALLY THUS, AT LEAST SOME AREAS OF SOCIETY BENEFITED, BUT OTHER AREAS DID NOT

36. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 36 CONTINUED “INDUSTRIALIZATION” { INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONTINUES } OF EUROPEAN CONTRIES PROVIDED MUCH PROGRESS BUT REQUIRED INCREASING – AMOUNTS OF RAW MATERIALS MANUFACTURE OF GOODS MARKETS FOR GOODS PRODUCED TRANSPOTATION TO MARKETS SOPHISTICATED MANAGEMENT / FINANCES MILITARY TO PROTECT INTERESTS ETC.

37. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 37 BUT SOCIETY BOTH BENEFITED & SUFFERED IN MANY COMPLEX WAYS SUFFERED IN MANY COMPLEX WAYS – MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IMPROVED CERTAIN ASPECTS BUT MAY NOT HAVE BEEN APPROPRIATE AND / OR TIMELY FOR SOCIETIES / CULTURES OF CERTAIN REGIONS IMPERIALISM / COLONIALISM - JINGOISM – NATIONALISM / PATRIOTISM RACISM FASCINATION WITH MACHINERY OVER PEOPLE ETC.

38. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 38 EACH OF THESE AREAS CAN BE EXPLORED IN GREAT DETAIL & COMPLEXITY MANY SOPHISTICATED INTERACTIONS / RELATIONSHIPS

39. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 39 THE SIMPLE, BASIC HUMAN THE SIMPLE, BASIC HUMAN – SPIRIT CULTURE BELIEFS LIFE STYLE TRADITION ETC. CAN RESIST MODERN INFLUENCE IN THE LONG TERM !

40. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 40 IN ESSENCE, TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION LIKE DARWINISM BUT ‘SOCIETY” CERTAINLY HAS HAD A BIG EFFECT ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SO THERE IS HOPE THAT HUMANITY -SOCIETY – CAN ULTIMATELY CONTROL -& BETTER MANAGE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR THE OVERALL BETTERMENT OF MANKIND!

41. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 41 IN A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION – SOCIETY / PEOPLE – “EVERYDAY LIFESTLES” DRAMATICALLY CHANGED BY POWERFUL PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY / PEOPLE “VALUES / BELIEFS / CULTURE” NOT BASICALLY CHANGED BY POWERFUL PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY

42. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 42 SO DESPITE THE GREAT POWER OF TECHNOLOGY EXERCISED BY SO MANY FOR SO LONG - HUMANS ARE STILL IN ULTIMATE CONTROL BUT FOR HOW LONG ??? CAN THIS ALWAYS BE THE CASE ??? HOW CAN IT BE INSURED TO CONTINUE TO BE THE CASE IN THE FUTURE ? WHAT CAN CAUSE IT TO NOT BE THE CASE IN THE FUTURE?

43. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 43 SOCIAL HISTORY OF TECHOLOGY TRIES TO UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES, DEVELOPMENTS & CONSEQUENCES OF TECHNOLOGY CONTEXT MUST BE CONSIDERED, NOT JUST “PHYSICAL” TECHNOLOGIES [P#4] THIS IS WHAT “STS” IS ALL ABOUT !!!

44. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 44 SOCIETY SCIENCETECHNOLOGY ALL INTERCONNECTED IN MANY DIVERSE / COMPLEX WAYS

45. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 45 SOME MULTIPLE & DEBATEABLE CAUSES OF NINTEENTH CENTURY IMPERIALISM – POLITICS RIVALRIES NAVAL STRATEGY INSTABILITY OF IMPERIAL FRONTIERS DIVERT PUBLIC FROM DOMESTIC ISSUES GROUP PRESSURE ON DECISION MAKING ECONOMICS RAW MATERIAL NEEDS SECURE MARKETS INVESTMENTS ETC.

46. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 46 BUT A COMMON UNDERLYING ELEMENT – MOTIVATION OF IMPERIALISTS IMPERIAL = REGAL, ROYAL, IMPOSING, MAJESTIC, GRAND, COLONIAL, ETC. IMPERIALISM = MILITARY / POLITICAL CONQUEST [P#6] WHY DID THEY WANT TO EXTEND THEIR INFLUENCE TO OTHERS BUT COULD THEY DO THIS? DID THEY HAVE THE MEANS? WAS IT FEASIBLE? [P#5]

47. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 47 NATURALLY, THERE ARE ALSO MANY OTHER FACTORS BESIDES JUST TECHNOLOGY THAT PENETRATION & CONQUEST LED TO THE PENETRATION & CONQUEST OF THESE NEW GLOBAL AREAS EVENTS HAPPEN BECAUSE OF MANY FACTORS COMING TO CLOSURE - E.G., TIMING, MATURATION, NEW SOCIETAL NEEDS, “TIPPING POINT,” MULTIPLIER EFFECTS, ETC. BUT TECHNOLOGY / INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAS A CENTRAL ROLE [P#8] HISTORY RESULTS FROM INTERACTION OF HUMAN DECISIONS [P#9]

48. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 48 ME – SOCIETY [PEOPLE / HUMANS - LIVING] MAKE IT HAPPEN SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY [NON-LIVING] PROVIDE THE MEANS THAT CAN BE CHOSEN / USED

49. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 49 MANY CAUSES FOR AN EVENT ALWAYS DEBATABLE ON ORDER OF IMPORTANCE OF EACH BUT CAUSES INVOLVE BOTH MOTIVES & MEANS THEY ARE CONNECTED NEED APPROPRIATE MOTIVES ADEQUATE MEANS IF NEITHER OR BOTH ARE NOT SUFFICIENT, EVENT NOT SUCCESSFUL [P#9-10]

50. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 50 TWO FACTORS – WHAT CAN BE DONE WILL BE DONE WHERE THERE IS A WILL, THERE IS A WAY ONE CAN INFLUENCE THE OTHER FIND A USE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY FIND NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR A USE EITHER CAN COME FIRST OR BOTH CAN HAPPEN ABOUT THE SAME TIME {CHICKEN / EGG ISSUE} [P#10]

51. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 51 BOTH MEANS & MOTIVES CAN CHANGE & INTERACT TO FAVOR AN EVENT REALISTICALLY HAPPENING THAT MAY NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE IN THE PAST

52. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 52 SO BASICALLY, THIS BOOK AIMS TO OPEN NEW VISTAS & PROVOKE FRESH THINKING BY ADDING THE TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSION TO THE LIST OF FACTORS INVOLVED WITH IMPERIALISM [P#12]

53. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 53 AND SO IT GOES ! WHAT IS NEXT ? WHO KNOWS ? BUT AS PASTEUR SAID – “ CHANCE FAVORS THE PREPARED MIND ! “ OUR SO SUCCESSFUL & PRODUCTIVE CAREERS & LIVES HAVE PREPARED US WELL FOR THE OUR NEXT PHASE IN LIFE LIFE IS RARELY DULL ! ALL THE BEST ALWAYS !

54. TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 54 TO BE CONTINUED AS INTEREST & RESOURCES PERMIT JUST LET ME KNOW !