1. Chapter 2 Nutritional Needs
Nutrition Food Science

2. Provide the nutrients needed for good health
Foods
Provide the nutrients needed for good health

3. Chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body
NUTRIENT
Chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body

4. The study of how the body uses nutrients in the foods you eat
NUTRITION
The study of how the body uses nutrients in the foods you eat

5. Malnutrition
A lack of the right proportions of nutrients over an extended period.

6. NUTRIENTS Over 50 needed for good health
All help build & maintain cells & tissue
Regulate bodily processes - breathing
No single food provides all nutrients

7. The Six Main Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals
Water

8. Sources of Calories Fat = 9 calories / gm 30% from fat
Carbohydrates & Proteins = 4 calories / gm
Fat = 9 calories / gm
30% from fat
60% from carbohydrates
10% from proteins

9. Carbohydrates
Body’s main source of energy!!!

10. 2 main types of Carbs SIMPLE Carbohydrates Glucose
Fructose Note: any word that
Galactose ends in “ose” is a
Sucrose type of sugar
Lactose
maltose

11. Complex Carbohydrates
Made from many glucose sugar units that are bonded together.
Starch is the most abundant carbohydrate in the diet
It is the storage form of energy in plants

12. Functions Of Carbs Provide energy Help body digest fats
Allow body to use proteins for growth & maintenance instead of energy

13. Fiber… Helps prevent heart disease Lower cholesterol
Helps speed food through the body
Help dilute carcinogens in food
Need 25 (f) – 38 (m) grams daily

14. Too Much / Too Little Carbohydrate
Deficient…
Body uses protein as energy
Constipation
Excess
Weight gain
Tooth & gum decay from acid produced by bacteria

15. Function of Fats Promote healthy skin and normal cell growth
Carry vitamins ADE&K to wherever needed
Provide a reserve supply of energy
Act as a cushion to protect your heart, liver, and other vital organs

16. Fats add flavor
They digest slowly - so they help you feel full longer
Too much fat can increase the risk of heart disease and cancer

17. Saturated Fats
Come from Animals
Are solid at room temperature

18. Fat Fat and More Fat! Many fats are hidden in our foods
Foods high in fat
Butter
Margarine
Oils
Cream
Sour Cream
Salad Dressing
Fried Foods
Baked Goods
Chocolate

19. Unsaturated Fats Come from plants Liquid at room Temperature Olive oil
Corn oil
Vegetable oil

20. “Good Fats”

21. Cholesterol
Is a fat-like substance present in all cells that is needed for many body processes
Adults manufacture all the cholesterol they need in the liver
LDL-takes cholesterol from liver to wherever it’s needed in the body BUT if too much is circulating the excess amounts of cholesterol can build up in artery walls! “BAD cholesterol”
HDL-picks up excess cholesterol and takes it back to the liver keeping it from causing harm. “GOOD cholesterol”

22. Proteins made of small units called amino acids 22 known amino acids
9 essential – body does not make them
11 non-essential – body can make them

23. Complete Proteins: Supply all 9 essential amino acids – animal foods
Incomplete proteins: lack one or more essential amino acids- plant foods

24. Proteins Provide energy
Help body grow and repair worn out and damaged parts
Hair, eyes, skin, muscles, and bones are made of proteins
Help regulate body functions
High protein foods: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products, dry beans, peas, peanuts, veggies and grains

25. Too Much / Too Little Protein
Excess amounts are broken down and stored in the body as fat!!
Deficiency: Called PEM (Protein –energy Malnutrition) Includes fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, infections & stunted growth

26. Types of Vitamins
Water-soluble - dissolve in water vitamin C and B vitamins
Fat-soluble - absorbed and transported by fat (vitamins A,D,E, and K)

27. Vitamins Organic substances needed in small amounts for:
*Normal growth
*Maintenance
*Reproduction
Help keep your body’s tissues healthy and systems working properly

28. Antioxidents
Substances that protect body cells and the immune system from harmful chemicals in the air, certain foods, and tobacco smoke.

29. Minerals Inorganic substances that make up 4% of your body
Most minerals become a part of your body such as teeth and bones

30. Macrominerals:
Calcium
Sodium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Magnesium
Chlorine

31. Microminerals Iron Zinc Iodine Flourine
Needed in small amounts (trace elements)
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Flourine

32. Electrolytes: minerals that work together to maintain the body’s fluid balance (potassium, sodium, and chloride)
Trace Minerals: minerals needed in very small amounts (iron, zinc, copper, iodine, and selenium)

33. Where do I get Minerals?? Eat plenty of calcium rich foods
Meat, poultry, fish
Nuts
Whole Grains
Green Veggies
Dry beans, peas, lentils

34. WATER The most critical nutrient to survival!!!
People can live without food for 40 days but only 3 without water!!!
Water exists in ALL body cells!!
After helping break foods down into nutrients water carries the nutrients to the cells that need them

35. What does water do for your body??
breaks the nutrients down into usable forms –helps your joints stay lubricated, your skin soft, and your mind alert
filters out impurities and gets rid of waste products
Keeps body temperature normal!!

36. How much is enough???
The body uses 2-3 quarts of water a day!!! If lost fluid isn’t replaced a person can become dehydrated
You need 8 cups (2L) of water a day
Most fruits and veggies contain water!

37. End of Part I

38. How your body uses food DIGESTION!!!
The process of breaking down food into usable nutrients. It takes place in the digestive system…..But how???

39. Let’s start with your food!!!
Movement of Food Through the System
• Mouth: Seconds • Esophagus: Seconds • Stomach: Up to 3 ½ hours • Small Intestine: Minutes • Large Intestine: Hours
We will start with your food, so get ready!!!

40. Digestion begins in the …..
Mouth!! Just smelling and seeing food, or even thinking about it can start saliva flowing in your mouth!
Saliva is the first to break down the foods chemically
Food is also broken down physically as your teeth grind it into tiny pieces
Chewing food is very important!!

41. Next it moves to your….. Esophagus!!!
a long tube connecting your mouth to the stomach
Peristalsis forces food into the stomach
The stomach holds up to 4 cups of food! Juices in the stomach churn food into a substance called “chyme”.

42. From the stomach……
Chyme is released into the small intestine a little at a time.
The small intestine is a long,
winding tube between the
stomach and the large
intestine.

43. When fully broken down carbohydrates are turned into a simple sugar called
GLUCOSE-
which is the body’s basic fuel supply!

44. Fats are changed into fatty acids
Proteins are broken down into amino acids
Vitamins and Minerals do not need to be broken down- they are ready just as they are!

45. Using the Nutrients….
Once food has been broken down, digestion is complete!
BUT- your body must absorb the nutrients and take them to where they can be used or stored
Nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream. Most absorption takes place in the small intestine.
After absorption, some material is left. (mainly fiber) This material is moved into the large intestine also called the colon. The colon removes water, potassium, and sodium.
The Remainder is stored in the rectum until elimination!