1. Extending the SpanishWordNet Clara Soler Universitat Ramon Llull

2. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Aims: – Proposal about: A new classification and a new way of representing Adjectives and their polysemy in the lexical database ● By means of: – Using MikroKosmos Ontology (Nirenburg 1994 et al.) to modificate if necessary EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology

3. Index ● Classification of Adjectives in WordNet ● How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented ● Classification of Adjectives in EuroWordNet – SpanishWordNet ● The Ontological Criteria ● Mikrokosmos Ontology / Treatment of Adjective Polysemy ● EuroWordNet Top Ontology ● Conclusions

4. Classification of Adjectives in WordNet ● WordNet 1.5 contains 16428 adjectivals synsets (including nouns, participles and prepositional phrases which work as adjectives) ● Kept in three files: Descriptive, Relationals and Participles. ● How are they organized? Each class expresses typical syntactic and semantic features. ● Antonymy is the lexical relation that divides adjectives: Descriptives adjectives have antonyms and Relationals do not.

5. Classification of Adjectives in WN ● Descriptives adjectives are organized into non- hierarchic synsets formed by one, or more, pairs of antonyms. These synsets are clusters that represent values, from one extreme to the other, of some attribute. ● Relational adjectives are represented with pointers to the noun or verb from which they derive (a pointer expresses a lexical relation) ● Participle adjectives are considered a kind of Descriptives adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, they do not suit very much in cluster structures and are kept in a separated file.

6. Classification of Adjectives in WN ● Descriptives adjectives: attribute Warmth torrid – hot – warm – tepid – cool – cold- frigid ● Relational adjectives 2 senses of cosmologic Sense 1 cosmologic, cosmological, cosmogonic, cosmogonical, cosmogenic, cosmogenical -- (pertaining to the branch of astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure and dynamics of the universe; "cosmologic science"; "cosmological redshift"; "cosmogonic theories of the origin of the universe") Pertains to noun cosmology (Sense 2) =>cosmology, cosmogony, cosmogeny -- (the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe)

7. Classification of Adjectives in WN ● Relational adjectives Sense 2 cosmologic, cosmological -- (pertaining to the branch of philosophy dealing with the elements and laws and especially the characteristics of the universe such as space and time and causality; "cosmologic philosophy"; "a cosmological argument is an argument that the universe demands the admission of an adequate external cause which is God") Pertains to noun cosmology (Sense 1) =>cosmology -- (the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe) => metaphysics -- (the philosophical study of being and knowing)

8. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented ● WordNet understands polysemy as a correlation of the frequency of occurrence ( Zipf 1945). It means that on the average, the more frequently a word is used the more different meanings it will have. ● Therefore, new, which is : – Highly frequent, it is considered – Highly polysemous

9. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented ● 1. new (vs. old) -- (not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend"; "a new year"; "the New World") 2. new(prenominal) -- (other than the former one(s); different; "they now have a new leaders"; "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"; "ready to take a new direction") 3. new, unexampled -- (having no previous example or precedent or parallel; "a time of unexampled prosperity")

10. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented ● 4. fresh, new, novel -- (of a kind not seen before; "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem") 5. raw, new, wet behind the ears(predicate) -- (lacking training or experience; "the new men were eager to fight"; "raw recruits"; "he was still wet behind the ears when he shipped as a hand on a merchant vessel") 6. newfangled, new -- (of a new (often outrageous) kind or fashion) 7. new, new to(predicate) -- ((often followed by `to') unfamiliar; "new experiences"; "experiences new to him"; "errors of someone new to the job")

11. How Polysemy of Adjectives is represented ● 8. new, young -- ((of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity; "new potatoes"; "young corn") 9. new -- (unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new") 10. New -- (in use after Medieval times; "New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties") 11. Modern, New -- (used of a living language; being the current stage in its development; "Modern English"; "New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew")

12. Classification of Adjectives in EuroWordNet ● Adjectives were not included in EuroWordNet, because: – Being a modifier, the information that conveys is less vital – It was considered a highly polysemous category- therefore representation in an enumerative lexicon becomes difficult

13. Classification of Adjectives in the SpanishWordNet ● Spanish and Catalan adjectives are translations of the English adjectives included in WordNet 1.5. ● They are classified and represented in the same way

14. Classification of Adjectives in the SWN ● 01256444a all lock 0 new_1 0 nuevo_5 0 nou_1 not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered: "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend" ● 01290120a all lock 0 fresh_2 novel_1 new_2 0 fresco_8 nuevo_8 novel_1 0 fresc_2 novell_1 nou_2 of a kind not seen before: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem"

15. Classification of Adjectives in the SWN ● 00104365a all lock 0 new_4 unexampled_1 lock 0 inaudito_1 nuevo_2 lock 0 inaudit_2 nou_4 "an unprecedented expansion in population and industry" 00803732a all lock 0 hot_12 new_5 0 fresco_4 nolex 0 "hot off the press"; "fresh ideas"

16. Classification of Adjectives in the SWN ● all lock 0 new_8 newfangled_1 lock 0 novedoso_1 nolex 0 of a new (often outrageous) kind or fashion ● all lock 0 modern_5 new_9 lock 0 moderno_2 contemporáneo_6 lock 0 modern_4 contemporani_4 used of a living language; being the current stage in its development: "Modern English"; "New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew" Perteneciente o relativo al tiempo actual Pertanyent o relatiu al temps actual

17. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● At issue: – Relationals are not polysemous? – It is possible to represent polysemy of Adjectives without enumerating all the possible shades they may take? – Is it possible to relate polysemy with other parameters differents from frequency, compatibility with greater or smaller number of nominals, noun desambiguation? – Are Adjectives that polysemous?

18. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● This proposal bases the extending of the SpanishWordnet by incorporating Adjectives on the following premises: – Adjectives will be classified too in Descriptive and Relationals notwithstanding based on ontological criteria. – Their polysemy will also be accounted by the same ontological taxonomy. – They can also be classified according to the Base Concepts of the Top Ontology.

19. The Ontological Criteria ● These criteria come from within the framework of the Mikrokosmos Ontology (Nirenburg 1994 et al.). ● In this model the lexicon mediates between a language of Text Meaning Representation and an ontology. ● Adjective meaning is explained according to this conceptual ontology. ● Lexical entries are instances of ontological types.

20. The MikroKosmos Ontology ● Classification of Adjectives: – Scalars: ● based on Property ontological concepts Numerical scale : Warmth torrid – hot – warm – tepid – cool – cold - frigid Literal scale : colour red – yellow – black – white – blue – orange- ● Evaluative Terrific – Great – Good – Regular – Bad – Awful - Horrible

21. The MikroKosmos Ontology ● Non-Scalars (Relationals): ● Denominals: Object ontological concepts National – nation ● Deverbals: Event ontological concepts Readable – read ● An Adjectival Class: an ontological type

22. The MikroKosmos Ontology ● Numerical scale properties: – Evaluation Price – SizeSpeed – MassEase – Girth – Age – Cost ● Literal scale properties: – OrientationDirection – SideColor – Shape

23. Treatment of Adjectival Polysemy ● In this proposal: – Polysemy of a lexical item implies a change of meaning ● A romantic style / a romantic adventure ● In Spanish: negocio familiar / una atmosfera familiar ● In English: a family business / a familiar atmosphere ● Good son / Good deal : always positive – Polysemy has to do with relatedness of senses arising through extension of meaning (Aarts & Calbert, 1979) – This relatedness of senses can be explained by the ontological model

24. Treatment of Adjectival Polysemy ● A change of Ontological Type: from an Ontology of Entities or Events to an Ontology of Properties – Victor Hugo is a French romantic author who lived during the XIX century – Venice is a very romantic city for lovers ● A change within the same Ontological Type: – High altitude: Scale Height – High ideals: Scale Evaluative

25. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● Top Concept Ontology classifies the Base Concepts ● Base Concepts are the most important prevailing meanings in the local wordnets, and constitute a shared set of 1059. Represent the shared cores of the different wordnets. ● Top Concept Ontology consists of 63 fundamental semantic distinctions, organized by subtype and opposition relations, which organize the Base Concepts

26. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● It is linked to the Inter-Lingual-Index (ILI) and provides some language-independent structuring of it. ● The 63 semantic distinctions or Top Concepts are classified according to three types of entities: 1st- Order-Entities, 2nd-Order-Entities and 3rd-Order- Entities.

27. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● 1st-Order-Entities: expressed by concrete nouns, concrete entities. One euro, a college, a hobbit ● 3rd-Order-Entities: expressed by abstract nouns: any unobservable proposition. Platonic ideas

28. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● 2 nd -Order-Entities: – denoted by any part of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs). – represent any static or dynamic situation that cannot be grasped, seen, felt, or experienced as an independent physical thing. – located in time, they happen, rather than exist.

29. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● 2ndOrderEntities: (two classification schemes) – Situation Type: the event-structure in terms of which a situation can be characterized as a conceptual unit over time ● Dynamic: transition -BoundedEvent -UnboundedEvent ● Static -Property: colour, speed, age, length, size, shape, weight. (single entity) -Relation: relation, kinship, distance, space (two entities)

30. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology – Usage – Time – Social – Quantity – Purpose – Possession – Physical Situation Components (BC as conceptually coherent clusters. SC reflect the most salient semantic components)

31. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● Modal ● Mental ● Manner ● Location ● Experience ● Existence ● Condition ● Communication

32. EuroWordNet Top Concept Ontology ● Cause ● Agentive ● Stimulating ● Phenomenal Proposal: to reuse Top Concepts as a new Property, Object and Event ontological concepts, and viceversa.

33. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● The idea is to use the ontological structure of MikroKosmos in events, objects and properties to introduce and classify the adjectives in the SpanishWordNet ● In the Top Ontology: to verify if all the Top Concepts Concepts of 2 nd -Order-Entities denote all possible adjectives-situations

34. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Joining both ontologies – Incorporation of the adjectival synsets into the Inter-Lingual-Index – Incorporation of the new Top Concepts that represent the adjectival scales into the class of 2nd-Order-Entities. – Scalar adjectives will be defined according to the Base Concepts of 2nd-Order-Entities – Non Scalar adjectives (Denominals and Deverbals) will be defined in relation with the Base Concepts of all Entities.

35. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Classification(s) of adjectives in the SWN: – Following the MikroKosmos ontological taxonomy, adjectives can be classified according to the three types of entities: ● Scalars: subsumed under 2 nd -Order-Entities ● Non Scalars: subsumed under 1st, 2 nd and 3 rd Order Entities (Denominals) and under 2nd- Order-Entities (Deverbals) – 2 nd -Order-Entities are denoted by adjectives. Therefore all of them can be classified according to the Base Concepts of these Entities

36. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: denominal and scalar ● The adjective "romantic" has 3 senses in WordNet. 1. romantic, romanticist, romanticistic -- (belonging to or characteristic of romanticism or the Romantic movement in the arts; "romantic poetry") 2. amatory, amorous, romantic -- (expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance; "her amatory affairs"; "amorous glances"; "a romantic adventure"; "a romantic moonlight ride") 3. quixotic, romantic, wild-eyed -- (not sensible about practical matters; unrealistic; "as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood"; "a romantic disregard for money"; "a wild-eyed dream of a world state")

37. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: denominal and scalar The adjective romantic has also 3 senses in the SWN. 1. romantic, romanticist, romanticistic – Based on an Object ontological concept (Romanticism): denominal 2. romantic, amorous – Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: evaluative (sentimentalism) 3. romantic, wild-eyed – Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: evaluative (idealism)

38. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: scalar The adjective new has only 4 senses in the SPW 1. new (vs. old) -- (not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: temporal (duration) 2. new(prenominal) -- (other than the former one(s); different;) 3. new, unexampled -- (having no previous example or precedent or parallel;) 4. fresh, new, novel -- (of a kind not seen before; )

39. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: scalar 5. raw, new, wet behind the ears(predicate) -- (lacking training or experience; ) 6. newfangled, new -- (of a new (often outrageous) kind or fashion) 7. new, new to(predicate) -- ((often followed by `to') unfamiliar; ) 9. new -- (unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new") Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: newness)

40. Extending the SpanishWordNet ● Proposal of an adjectival synset which represents polysemy: scalar 8. new, young -- ((of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity;) Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: maturity) 11. Modern, New -- (used of a living language; being the current stage in its development; ) Based on a Property ontological concept (scale: temporary nature)

41. Conclusions ● This paper tries to propose a new classification of Adjectives heading towards an extension of the SpanishWordNet, as well as a new way of representing polysemy. ● The following has been shown: – Relationals are also polysemous – Adjective polysemy can be reduced and represented – Ontological criteria can reflect the relationship between diferents senses of a lexical item

42. Conclusions ● Future work includes: – To focus on the syntagmatic level of the Adjective-Noun combinations, and to study the diferent grades of co-ocurrence (Of compositive, semicompositive and noncompositive character). – To treat if possible the called adverbials adjectives using the same ontological structure