1. What do future teachers need in an introductory course? Maximizing the value of your introductory course for future K-12 teachers A workshop at the Earth Educators’ Rendezvous July 16-17, 2015 Anne E. Egger

2. Some statistics In 2011, 103,992 students obtained Bachelor’s degrees in education (compared to 4671 in geosciences) About 60% of those degrees are in elementary education As of 2002, 83% of practicing elementary teachers had at least 1 semester course in Earth science – Better than chemistry (53%) and physics (62%)… – …but not as good as life science (92%) But perhaps even more important…

3. 54% had ONLY one course Can that one course really prepare someone to teach about Earth?

4. How we commonly teach science

5. How we expect them to teach

6. What we teach Plate tectonics Minerals Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Weathering Soil Deserts Glaciers Mountain-building Volcanoes Earthquakes Running water Etc.

7. What we expect them to teach

8. Our introductory courses may be the only opportunity that future teachers have to learn about Earth, and to prepare to teach the Next Generation Science Standards. How and what we teach matters.

9. How we teach In table groups, list all the things you think are most important in the way a science course with lots of future teachers is taught. Don’t think about content. Then choose your top three strategies. We’ll make a list at the end.

10. Some ways to better serve future teachers Develop content courses specifically for future teachers that incorporate pedagogy Offer special lab or discussion sections Pair content and pedagogy courses Implement course changes that improve learning for all students and benefit everyone (like universal access)

11. Collected research on learning Research on learning All freely downloadable from the National Academies Press: http://nap.edu

12. Key findings for all students Students come in to our classes with preconceptions, not blank slates Students must have the opportunity to develop a conceptual framework that facilitates retrieval and builds on deep knowledge A metacognitive approach helps students monitor their own learning and become better learners Promising practices: – Developing (and using) learning outcomes – Engaging students in activities during class, in groups – Organizing content in scenarios, with context – Get and give feedback with formative assessment Research on learning

14. Specific to future teachers: Pedagogical Content Knowledge …embodies the aspects of content most germane to its teachability: the most useful forms of representation of the most regularly taught ideas, the most powerful analogies, illustrations, examples, explanations, and demonstrations an understanding of what makes the learning of specific concepts easy or difficult the conceptions and preconceptions that students of different ages and backgrounds bring with them to the learning Shulman, 1986

15. Part of PCK: Geoscientific thinking Methods of investigation in Earth science – Observation >> experimentation – Physical and computer-based models Habits of mind – Spatial thinking – Temporal reasoning – Geographic facility – Systems thinking

17. Metacognition and Self-efficacy Hold that thought.

18. What we teach Compare middle-level NGSS performance expectations to the content in your syllabus. – Quick primer on reading the handout – 10 minutes or so on your own – 20 minutes or so with your group – Summarize your findings – Take a break – We’ll report out when we come back