1. The Rock Cycle

2. Elements in the Earth’s ATMOSPHERE
Amount
Nitrogen
78.1 %
Oxygen
20.9 %
Argon
0.96 %

3. Elements in the Earth’s OCEANS
Amount
Oxygen
85.84 %
Hydrogen
10.82 %
Chlorine
1.94 %
Sodium
1.08 %
Magnesium %

4. Elements in the Earth’s CRUST
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Amount
47 %
28.2 %
8.23 %
5.63 %
3.5 %

5. IGNEOUS ROCKS Forms from cooled lava.
Most have crystals… the size of the crystal depends on how fast the lava cooled.
- Slow cooling = large crystals
- Fast cooling = small to microscopic
Some rocks have pores (like a sponge) from the gases in the lava escaping during the cooling process.

6. Uses of Igneous Rocks Road building materials Gravestones
Creating lasting monuments
Used as an abrasive in polish things.
For trim and decoration in buildings.
Decorative landscape stone.
Jewelry

7. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Granite
Obsidian
Pumice
Gabbro

8. Igneous rock forms in two ways!
Intrusive
- Forms from magma cooling and solidifying inside the earth’s crust.
Extrusive
- Forms from lava cooling and solidifying outside of the earth’s crust.

9. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Formed from weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks that are compacted and cemented together!
Usually layers can be seen.
Some are conglomerates… i.e. you can see smaller rocks or shells embedded.

10. Uses of Sedimentary Rocks
Gypsum is used to make plaster of Paris and in drywall.
Sandstone and limestone are used as building stones.
Limestone is also used for hard core cement roads.

11. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Conglomerate
Shale
Limestone
Banded-Sandstone

12. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Formed within the Earth… rocks that undergo an extreme amount of heat and pressure.
These rocks are usually very dense rocks.

13. Uses of Metamorphic Rocks
Used for pool table tops
Carved into statues
Buildings materials (floor tiles roofing tiles and counter tops)
Jewelry = Diamonds

14. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Marble
Slate
Mica Schist
Quartzite

15. Rock Cycle

16. The Importance of Rocks and Minerals
Igneous
Obsidian
Used in making arrowheads and knives
Basalt
Used in road building materials
Pumice
Used in scouring, scrubbing, and polishing materials
Granite
Used for buildings, monuments, and tombstones

17. The Importance of Rocks and Minerals
Sedimentary
Sandstone
Used in the building industry for houses
Gypsum (mineral)
is used to make plaster of Paris and in drywall
Limestone
is also used for hard core cement roads.

18. The Importance of Rocks and Minerals
Metamorphic
Marble
Used in building, floors, tile in bathrooms
Slate
Used for
roofs, chalkboards, patio walks and pool tables

19. The Importance of Rocks and Minerals
Calcite
Used in cements and mortars and the production of lime
Quartz
Used in making glass, electrical components, and optical lenses

20. Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals

21. Minerals A mineral is… Naturally occurring
Inorganic- (made up of none living things)
Definite chemical composition & crystal structure
Solid
All physical properties of minerals come from the “internal arrangement of atoms”

22. Mineral Identification Tests
The Streak Test
The Color Test
The Luster Test
Hardness (Moh’s Scale)
Cleavage
Crystal Shape
Reactions with Acids
Specific gravity

23. The Streak Test
The color of the powdered mineral performed by rubbing the unknown mineral on an unglazed tile.

24. The Luster Test The way a mineral shines or doesn't shine
The only way to really learn the different luster's is to see them for yourself.
2 Types of Luster
Metallic and Non-Metallic
Metallic Luster
Rocks look
like shiny metal
Ex. Hematite

25. Non-Metallic Luster
Non-metallic- all the other ways that a mineral can shine
Glassy- shines like a piece of broken glass (most common non-metallic)
Dull/earthy- no shine at all
Resinous/waxy- looks like a piece of plastic or dried glue
Pearly- looks oily it may have a slight rainbow like an oil slick on water. Also looks like the inside of some clam shells
Adamantine- brilliant, sparkling shine like a diamond

26. Color Test
Color is used to determine the type of rock but it is not always reliable.
Sulfur is (almost) always yellow, and there are a few others, but not many minerals have a fixed color. Small amounts of impurities can drastically change a mineral's color.

27. Hardness Test Hardness- a minerals resistance to scratching.
This should not be confused with brittleness. A diamond is very hard and will scratch a hammer but a hammer will smash a diamond.

28. Moh’s Scale of Hardness
Talc (Softest)
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar (AKA Albite)
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond (Hardest)

29. Cleavage Test Cleavage –The rocks will break along flat surfaces or…
Cubic- Rocks will break into cubes.

30. Crystal Formation
Minerals will grow crystal formations when given time & space to grow.
Can be recognized by their beautiful regular shapes once you have seen a few examples.
Quartz Crystal Formation

31. Miscellaneous Tests
Acid- Calcite and powdered dolomite will Effervescence (fizz) in diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Smell- Sphalerite will give off a rotten-egg smell when streaked on a streak plate. Magnetism- Magnetite (AKA Lodestone) will pick up paper clips

32. Miscellaneous Tests Cont.
Taste- Halite is rock salt and will taste salty.
Fluorescence- some minerals (mostly forms of calcite) will glow in fluorescent colors under a black (UV) light.
Double refraction- some clear forms of calcite (Iceland Spar) will make a double image of words.

33. Specific gravity
Specific gravity indicates how many times more the mineral weighs compared to an equal amount of water .
Since water has a density of 1 gram/cm3, and since all of the units cancel, specific gravity is the same number as density but without any units.
Remember… Density = Mass / Volume
Density is how much matter packed in a space.