1. TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION: From DNA to Protein
Chapter 11, Section 2 pgs

2. Genes & Proteins What is the function of a gene?
codes for traits, inherited from parents
Genes code for specific proteins
Proteins make up muscles, hair, tissues, enzymes, & pigments
Protein Synthesis = reading the DNA, forming RNA, using RNA to make the protein (DNA  RNA  Protein)
Replication DNADNA
Transcription DNA RNA
Translation RNA  Amino Acids

3. Describe what you see in the diagram.

4. RNA pg. 288 RNA is a nucleic acid (like DNA)
Differs in structure from DNA:
DNA
RNA
Number of Strands 2 1
Nucleotide Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Nitrogenous Base Pairs
Thymine(T), Adenine(A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U), Adenine(A),
Guanine (G),
Cytosine (C)

5. Types of RNA – mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Single strand
Transfers info from the gene (made of DNA inside the nucleus) to make a protein
mRNA carries genetic “message” from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytosol

6. 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Part of the structure of ribosomes
Ribosome = protein and rRNA

7. 3. Transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make protein

8. Transcription – DNA  mRNA (occurs in nucleus) Figure 11.7 pg. 290
Transcription = enzymes make RNA by copying a portion of DNA in the nucleus
If a DNA sequence is AATCCGGA, what is the complimentary RNA sequence? (Remember RNA doesn’t have Thymine, it has Uracil instead)
UUAGGCCU
The mRNA that gets sequenced is sent out of the nucleus to help make protein

9. Genetic Code
A certain sequence of Nitrogenous Bases codes for a specific Amino Acid needed to make a Protein
Codon (on mRNA) = the nitrogenous bases of 3 adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that code for
Start Signal (starts the protein making process)
Stop Signal (stops the protein making process)
Amino Acid
An amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon
20 amino acids combine in different combinations to make various proteins

10. Table 11.1 pg. 292, What do you see?

11. Translation – mRNA  protein (occurs in cytoplasm) pg. 293
Translation = using the mRNA to make protein, reading the codons
Translation takes place at the ribosomes which attach to the mRNA
tRNA (Fig. 11.8) is the carrier that comes in bringing the amino acid coded for by the mRNA codons
tRNA has an anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon
If an mRNA codon is UUG, what is the matching tRNA anticodon?
AAC
As the amino acids are brought in peptide bonds form between them to link them in a chain

13. Http://highered. mcgraw-hill