1. Fossil Fuels
What is a Fossil Fuel?

2. Fossil Fuels
Energy sources formed from the remains of once living organisms.
Oil, coal, natural gas, oil shale, tar sands.
Also known as hydrocarbons.

3. Recipe for Oil/Natural Gas Formation
1. Ingredients
Large accumulation of organic matter, marine microorganisms
(dinoflagellates) Where will we get these conditions today?-Continental shelves-Texas, Louisiana, offshore California, Gulf of Mexico, Alaska??

4. Continental Shelf

5. 2. Mixing Instructions Buried rapidly in anaerobic conditions.
What does anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
Why is this important?
reduces decomposition by bacteria

6. 3. Baking Instructions Heat and pressure to cook the mixture.
How much? As depth increases we get more natural gas and less oil in the oil trap.
Time- How long? Youngest rocks that oil has been extracted from is 1-2 million years old. Oldest 1.5 billion until now, may find older deposits, but not in great quantities.

7. Oil Traps
Oil traps:
Must be porous and permeable to become a reservoir rock.
Structural traps- Rock layers have been changed or deformed in such a way as to provide a collection site for the crude oil
(domes folds and faults)
Stratigraphic traps-Layers of rock that contain oil due to their shape.
(Lenses, unconformities)

8. Structural Traps

9. Oil Recovery
Primary recovery- minimal pumping, sometimes a gusher. Gushers are rare occurrences.
Today Rotary drills 10,000m or 10 Km(30,000 ft-->6 miles)

10. Secondary Recovery
Water injected into one well forces oil towards another and then is pumped out.
Primary and Secondary methods remove about 33% of the oil from a deposit.

11. Tertiary Recovery
Steam or Carbon dioxide, or chemical injection into the well instead of water allows another 10% of the oil to be removed. Rarely done because it is costly.

12. Pumpjacks

13. Oil removal through fracking

14. Proved reserves (billion barrels)
Greatest Oil Reserves by Country, 2006
Rank
Country
Proved reserves (billion barrels) 1.
Saudi Arabia
264.3 2.
Canada
178.8 3.
Iran
132.5 4.
Iraq
115.0 5.
Kuwait
101.5 6.
United Arab Emirates
97.8 7.
Venezuela
79.7 8.
Russia
60.0 9.
Libya
39.1
10.
Nigeria
35.9
11.
United States
21.4
12.
China
18.3
13.
Qatar
15.2
14.
Mexico
12.9
15.
Algeria
11.4
16.
Brazil
11.2
17.
Kazakhstan
9.0
18.
Norway
7.7
19.
Azerbaijan
7.0
20.
India
5.8
Top 20 countries
90.2
Rest of world
68.1
World total
1,292.5
NOTES: Proved reserves are estimated with reasonable certainty to be recoverable with present technology and prices.
Source: Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 103, No. 47 (Dec. 19, 2005). From: U.S. Energy Information Administration. .

15. Oil Consumption Resource measured in barrels (bls) = 42 gallons
400 billion barrels of oil consumed since beginning to use oil
1/2 of this was used just in the decade of the 70’s.
Reserves of approximately 700 billion barrels of oil (1985)
Resources unevenly distributed
U.S. consumes about 5.5 billion barrels a year.

16. Global Oil Consumption
Global Oil Demand: 75 million barrels/day
U.S.: (2005) million barrels/day
18.6(2012)
U.S. Imports: million barrels/day
U. S. Household gallons/day
Strategic Reserves 570 million barrels stored (60 day supply)
China: million barrels/day
10.3 (in 2012)
We have approximately 5% of global population but use approximately 25% of world oil