1. Study Session
AP U.S. History

2. A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that they:
Erred on the side of caution
Inability to levy taxes and duties.
Inability to regulate international trade.
Inability to enforce treaties.
Inability to settle legal disputes b/t states.
Inability to regulate domestic commerce.
Inability to defend themselves on the sea.

3. Explain the principles of Manifest Destiny
Introduced in the 1840s by news editor.
The goal was expansion while subjugating and Christianizing the west.
English Europeans were culturally and morally superior to those being subjugated.
Used as justification for Spanish American War.

4. Explain Dred Scott
Dred Scott was a slave traveling with owner in free states of Illinois and Wisconsin
In 1857, Judge Taney ruled that Scott was property.
As a non-citizen, Scott could not sue in Federal court.
The opinion nullified the Missouri Compromise by suggesting that as property, owners could take their property anywhere.
This also declared the concept of “Popular sovereignty” unconstitutional.

5. Following the Civil War, most freed slaves?
Few job skills and without money.
Could not read or write.
Most stayed as tenant farmers or sharecroppers.
Ex-Slaves now paid for rent, food, and health care costs

6. What were the main objectives of the Progressive Era.
Domestic reform: empowerment of labor, women and the poor.
Expand Democracy.
Creation of national forests and wildlife reserves.
Passage of Pure food and Drug Act.
Challenge monopolistic practices (anti-trusts suits
The Oregon Plan (initiative, referendum & recall)
Direct election of U.S. Senators

7. What were the U.S. concerns before, and after the Treaty of Versailles.
Washington’s farewell address.
Avoid political alliances with other countries.
Monroe Doctrine and Corollary.
Remain neutral in European affairs.
Wilson failed to ratify 14 points.
Failed to get U.S. to join league of nations.
Fear of defending European borders with U.S. troops.
Return to Isolationism.

8. What major events allowed McCarthyism to flourish.
Loss of China in 1949
USSR’s successful detonation of the bomb.

9. The Puritan’s believed that the freedom to practice religion should be extended to?
Escaped to New World to avoid religious and political persecution.
Theirs was the one “True Church”
No contradiction in denying others the rights they enjoyed.
Freedom of worship was only a puritan right.
Only male puritans could vote.
Aggressive reformers were banished. (Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson)

10. How did the Sugar Tax of 1764 change British policies.
Mercantilist: Create a store of wealth through a “favorable balance” of trade.
Colonialism is primary method of gaining wealth.
Levied taxes for revenue rather than regulation of trade.
American response: “no taxation without representation.”

11. What effects did the first Industrial Revolution have on slavery.
England had a booming textile industry.
America begins revolution after War of 1812.
Competition for Southern cotton.
Farmers expanded west to fill demand.
Cotton demanded a large work force.

12. The “know-nothing” party focused its efforts on?
Nativist group formed in 1850s.
Distrust of immigrants.
Particularly Irish and Italian Catholics.
Members were instructed to tell no outsiders anything. Thus, the “no-nothings”.
Platform included:
25 year residency requirement for citizenship.
All public offices could only be held by native born.

13. How were the “new immigrants” different from the “old immigrants” after the Civil War?
Old Immigrants from Northwest Europe.
Familiar with English language and customs.
Primarily protestant.
Assimilated easily into the melting pot.
New Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Catholics, Jews, Slavs, Italians & Poles, etc.
Not easily assimilated living in ethnic enclaves.
Unskilled labor, mostly big cities.

14. The Ghost Dance Movement stressed?
In late 1800s, almost a religious movement.
Dance ritual calling for unity of Indian nations.
Rejection of white culture, especially non-alcohol.
End of he world where Indians would rise to reclaim their lost lands.
Believed in ghost shirts that would, with magic, stop bullets.
Ended with the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890.

15. How did FDR deal with unfavorable Supreme Court rulings?
The conservative court nullified many of the New Deal programs.
FDR sought to increase the court by 6 judges, & 40 federal judges, the court packing scheme.
Off setting all judges over 70 who hadn’t retired.
Conservatives and Liberals rejected the idea.
Conservatives became less active against FDR.
Three conservatives retired & were replaced by liberal judges.

16. How were Unions treated in the 1930s?
Government policy and law protected corporations over Unions.
Eventually bills were passed to protect unions in organizing and collectively bargaining.
Enforcement was lax to non-existent.
Scabs and strike breaking thugs were used.
Unions members still lost their jobs.
Government investigation of corporate abuses was lack luster at best.

17. What precedents were set by these court decision?
Marbury v. Madison
Established the principle of Judiciary Review.
Bradwell v. Illinois
1873 decision said it was ok to deny a female attorney the right to practice based on gender.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but Equal
Brown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka, Kansas
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.
“Separate but Equal is inherently unequal”
Holden v. Hardy
States could pass laws regulating the work place.

18. What do you know about the Bay of Pigs?
1961 invasion of Cuba by exiled cubans.
In 1959 Castro overthrew Batista.
Castro nationalizes American owned property.
Eisenhower breaks off relations with Cuba.
CIA planed invasion and presented it to JFK.
Poorly planned, poorly executed and no air support doomed the invasion.

19. What were the influences that pushed the U. S
What were the influences that pushed the U.S. to declare war with Great Britain in 1812?
England, at war with France, “impressed” American sailors to fill their naval ranks.
British interfered with American trade, causing us to invoke the “Embargo Act” ending trade with Britain and France. The Act failed badly.
British incited Indians on the frontier which limited westward expansion. The Warhawks.
Americans believed our navy was as good as the British. Hubris.

20. What were the provisions of the Missouri Compromise?
Negotiated by Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser in 1820
Allowed Missouri to come in as a slave state.
Created the free state of Maine after Mass. Gave up its territory.
Maine balanced the slave v. free states. (Senate)
It included a northern border for the Louisiana Territory.
Jefferson called it a “fire bell in the night.”

21. Cite the differences between the Irish and German Immigrants.
Irish immigration peaked between 1847 and 1854 because of potato famine.
The Irish were generally unskilled labor, catholic and moved to the urban areas.
By 1900 there were more Irish in the U.S.A. than in Ireland.
German immigration surpassed Irish immigration in 1854.
A large continent of skilled workers.
Protestant in religion, wealthier than the Irish.

22. Why was Andrew Johnson the subject of impeachment proceedings?
Johnson was a Southern Democrat who opposed succession, but was sympathetic to the South.
He hoped for a quick, non-punitive, plan of reconciliation for the South.
He intended to shift the plantation aristocracy to small farmers and craftsman.
Infuriating the North, he allowed former confederate officers and legislators to be elected to congress.
Johnson was cantankerous and a non-compromiser.
Johnson violated the “Office of Tenure Act”, a law passed by congress that said only congress could fire cabinet members.
This was the excuse to bring impeachment proceedings against him. Failed by one vote.

23. The “Open Door Policy” of 1900 did what?
The policy was in response to an aggressive colonizing effort of Europeans.
The policy called for free trade and recognition of China’s borders, which was initially dismissed by Euro nations.
The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 caused Europe to reconsider their position.
Europeans had to accept U.S. military help in order to avoid expulsion.
The policy called for “spheres of influence”, or favorable financial agreement for individual Euro nations, but no countries would be denied the right to trade with China.
Secretary of State, John Hay, brokered the deal.

24. What factors contributed to the Great Depression?
Lack of government regulation for the economy (stock market, money supply, enforcement of anti-trust laws.)
Loss of farm market, and subsequent foreclosures, after WWI.
Manufacturers over produced and laid off workers.
The gap between rich and poor accelerated.
Massive speculation and manipulation of the stock market.

25. What are the details of the Truman Doctrine?
The Truman Doctrine came to be known as “containment”.
The Long Telegram by George Kennan warned of an expansionistic USSR that must be contained.
The first effort was the communist insurgency in Greece and Turkey.
The Marshall Plan supported contained financially.
NATO forces were matched by the ”Warsaw Pact”.
Korea next, followed by Vietnam and the Space Race.
African nations and Central and South America were the focal point of competition b/t the U.S. and USSR

26. Why Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh was leader of communist North Vietnam.
Formerly a U.S. ally in World War II, Vietnam received CIA assistance.
U.S. politics shifted politically and the U.S. decided to support France, a colonial power.
At the time, it was public policy to be anti-colonial.
It has been suggested that France, under DeGaule, might drop out of NATO if the U.S. didn’t help.
The U.S. responded by funding 80% of the war effort.
At the time, the only business interest the U.S. had was the trading of rice to feed Japan.
The “Domino Theory” provided the excuse.

27. The “First Great Awakening” can be seen as a response to?
A resurgence of religious “fundamentalism” between 1730s & 1760s.
Emerged as a response to the enlightenment that supported empirical thought and scientific inquiry.
The enlightenment offered the notion that humanity was more important, god less so, in the forces that shaped humanity.
The period later became known as “revivalism”.
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were the most prominent preachers.
The period created many new “evangelical churches”.
Emphasized the emotional power of religion.
Briefly, returned to the persecution of witches.
The “burnt over district”, upper state N.Y. was the focal point.

28. How did England respond to the chants of “No taxation without representation.”
In need of revenue to pay for the French and Indian War, England imposed direct taxation.
The Stamp Act was the most onerous of taxes.
Colonist believed that taxes could not be laid without the consent of the government. And they were not represented in Parliament.
England responded with the concept of “Virtual Representation.”
All English subjects are virtually represented whether they have voted or not.

29. What early 19th century innovation was the principle cause of American Industrialism?
In 1798, Eli Whitney patented a process for manufacturing interchangeable parts.
The innovations brought an end to “cottage industries”.

30. What was Ralph Waldo Emerson’s view of American Fundamentalism?
Emerson was a leader of the “transcendentalist movement”
His famous essay, “Self-Reliance” stressed non-conformity and individualism.
He believed that God was tangible and merciful.
In direct contrast to the Calvinist, who believe God was distant, and an unforgiving judge of humanity.
Transcendentalism was a rebellion against Fundamentalism.
A basic tenant of the movement accepted the notion of the perfectibility of man.

31. Explain the “Free Soil” party
Created in the mid-1840s.
Martin Van Buren was its candidate for President.
The Free soil Party included, Antislavery votes, the Liberty party, “Conscience” Whigs, and Wilmot Proviso supporters.
Wilmot Proviso called for no slavery in lands captured or acquired in the Mexican War.
The Free Soil party begat the Republican Party.

32. What ground was covered by the philosophy of “Popular Sovereignty”?
The election of 1848 made it clear that the issue of slavery would dominate the debates.
The Policy, formulated by Stephen Douglas, sought to appease abolitionists and slaveholders.
With popular sovereignty, settlers could decide on the issue of slavery.
Took pressure off of Congress and Political Parties.
This policy would clearly undermine the Missouri Compromise.
Another reason for the rise of the Republican Party.

33. What are some of the requirements of the Reconstruction Act?
This act of 1867 was much harsher than Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan, both of which sought an easy reconciliation.
A punitive measure that required the South to meet strict requirements before rejoining the Union.
Blacks were allowed to participate in state elections.
The state must ratify 14th amendment.
States had to rewrite their constitutions, which would then be approved by Congress.
Former leaders and Officers of the Confederacy need not apply.

34. What influences contributed to the mood of isolationism in the U.S.?
It was reasonable clear of the intentions of Hitler in Germany. Mein Kampf, exposed his inclination to totalitarianism &expansionism. Yet we stayed an isolationist nation.
The Nye Senate ( ) hearings exposed American arms manufactures for bribing foreign officials, providing arms to fascist countries, and lobbying congress to go to war.
The financial community was afraid of losing their loan investments if the allies lost.
The losses of WWI energized anti-war sentiment.
The cost of war should be used to bring the country out of the depression.
Dating back to Washington, the U.S. had always tried to be neutral.

35. Jack Kerouac is considered one of the leaders of the “Beat Generation”
Jack Kerouac is considered one of the leaders of the “Beat Generation”. What did they stand for?
The Beat Generation rose in reaction to the growing conformity and materialism of the 1950s.
Kerouac wrote On the Road and Dharma Bums.
Drugs, drinking, extra-marital affairs, hoping freight trains, poetry and eastern mysticism were the base.
A direct challenge to the typical suburbanite.
Major players included Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs and Gary Snider.

36. What major legislation was produced by the “Great Society”?
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Policed discriminatory hiring practices.
Medicare
Ensures the elderly have health care.
Department of Housing & Urban Development
Revitalizing poor urban residential areas.
Polices discriminatory housing practices.
Project Head Start
Ensures that low income pre-schoolers receive adequate food, health care and preparation for schooling.

37. Can you tell someone, anyone, the story that is America?

38. Describe the state of the “indentured service” in the Chesapeake settlement.
Why leave England? Population Boom, political/religious unrest, lack of work.
Nearly 100,000 came as indentured servants.
Most were young farmers, 15 to 24 years old.
Very few were criminals.
Four to seven years, and the promise of free land after servitude.
1/3 died of overwork or disease
The rest eventually became the majority of the population in Maryland and Virginia.
Masters were charged with feeding, clothing and housing their servants. In addition, no excessive beatings

39. Why was the NW Ordinance Act of 1787 significant?
The act itself created a process for distributing land to settlers.
In addition, the Act provided civil rights in the new territory;
trial by jury, freedom of religion, freedom from excessive punishment & abolished slavery.
North of the Ohio River, East of the Mississippi to the Canadian border.
After the “Battle of Fallen Timbers” the Miami confederacy of Indians were defeated by General “Mad Anthony” Wayne, and peace ensued.

40. What were the elements of Henry Clay’s American System?
Initiated during Madison’s presidency
Provided protective tariffs for US industries.
Tariffs and incentives to spur industrial development.
Construction of the National Road and others.
Many believed poor roadways hurt them in the War of 1812.
Creation of a National Bank for development.
All this done by the Republican president who valued small government – National Interests, however, demanded a change in thinking.

41. Reform movements in the first half of the 19th century attempted to accomplish what?
A number of factors brought on the movement:
The Second Great Awakening brought on a religious fervor to do good.
Rapid industrialization spurred the growth of cities and the subsequent urban poverty and despair.
Employers treated workers as a commodity, easily replaced.
Made up of mostly middle class women:
Temperance movement, Rehabilitate criminals, Humane treatment for the insane, and later on Abolitionism and Suffrage.

42. “The price which society pays for the law of competition …is great; but the advantages of the law are also greater. It is here; we cannot evade it,… it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the fittest in every department.
Social Darwinism: Natural selection determines the survival and demise of living beings.
During the “Gilded Age”, the wealthy used Darwin’s theory to justify their wealth and the poverty all around them.
The theory was advocated by Herbert Spencer of and Yale professor, William Graham Sumer
Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” embraced this position, although he did suggest that there was some moral obligations of the wealthy to the nation.
The theory was challenged by Progressives who reminded their readers that Darwinism referred to plants and animals, not to humans.

43. What are the details of the Panama Canal by the U.S.?
The canal would save time and improve shipping and distribution for U.S. business.
The original canal was to go through Nicaragua, but bribes and business interest in Panama changed the plan.
Columbia kept upping the ante.
The U.S. encouraged a Panamanian revolt.
The U.S. sent in troops, under the guise of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, to keep the peace in Panama.
The corollary stated any regional instability was a threat to U.S. interests.

44. What are the details of the Japanese internment camps?
The government was fearful of enemy agents:
More than 110,00 Japanese were interned.
The relocation was ordered by the President.
Congress was compliant.
The majority of Japanese (80,000) were American born.
American farmers supported the internment as a way to remove competitors.
The case of Korematsu v. United States failed when the Supreme court decided that interment was acceptable in times of war.
Eventually, the government paid $25,000 to each living internee as a matter of redressing the issue.

45. The condition of Anglo-American women was?
Unmarried women had the same legal status as men, except for right to vote.
Widows had the same legal rights of unmarried women.
Married women;
Could neither sue, or be sued.
Could not sign contracts, deeds, or wills.
Could not own property.
All that a woman had before marriage become the property of the husband.
Native American women had more rights.

46. Why did Chesapeake settlements expand more rapidly than those in Massachusetts?
Tobacco:
Required abundant acreage.
Tobacco drained the nutrients from the soil, requiring rotation of fertile land.

47. Why was the debate over the “First National Bank” important?
After the revolution, the U.S. was in serious debt, like England was after the F.&I. War.
Alexander Hamilton pushed the bank idea.
The role of the bank was to consolidate debt and circulate currency.
The bank would broaden national powers.
Hamilton favored a strong national government.
Jefferson opposed the bank, saying it was unnecessary, referring to the “necessary and proper clause of the constitution, commonly called the elastic clause.
The bank help frame the arguments of the “strict constructionist” v. ‘broad-constructionist”

48. The “Lowell System of early 19th century textile manufacturing was noteworthy for its?
Named after the town of Lowell, Mass.
All the workers were women except supervisors.
The owners were short of workers, so they:
Offered incentives, cash bonuses, housing in company houses, access to culturally events and escorted to church.
Fearful of the horror stories of English industrialism, the incentives were partly humanitarian.
Massive immigration in the next several decades, with it cheap labor ended the Lowell System.

49. The election of 1824 marked a turning point, which was?
Prior to 1824, presidential candidates were submitted by congressional caucus.
Then approved by state electors who often were part of the caucus.
When William Crawford was chosen by the Republican caucus, Adams, Jackson and clay challenge the nomination.
They accused the caucus system as undemocratic.
After 1824, electors were chosen by the voters.
The 1824 election ended up with cries of a “corrupt bargain”, when Adams received the House votes for Clay and allegedly offered Clay the Secretary of State.

50. In the late 1800s, 19th century, political machines, like Tammany Hall were successful. Why?
The great wave of immigration swelled the size of cities.
Government was an inactive observer.
Minimal services were provided immigrants
Churches and ethnic communities were to provide services.
The Political Machines, looking for votes, provided:
Homes and jobs, help with citizenship and voting rights.
In return, communities voted for the candidates supported by the machine. At first out of loyalty, than loyalty and fear.
The political bosses would then extract favors from their politicians.

51. Detail the differences between W.E.B. Du Bois & Booker T. Washington
Famous agricultural scientist, son of slaves who valued self reliance.
Founder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
W.E.B. Du Bois:
Noted sociologist, Northerner educated at Harvard & Germany.
Founder of the National Negro Committee, later called the N.A.A.C.P.
Methodology for helping people of color:
Washington: An assimilationist who stressed equality could be gained through economic success and slow integration of the white community.
Du Bois: Why earn equality, when it should be by right?
The law should protect all people of color NOW!

52. What effect did Prohibition have in America?
18th Amendment prohibited Alcohol consumption.
The Vostead Act provided the enforcement tools.
Abstinence was popular with northern religious conservatives and fundamentalists in general.
Incidence of public drunkenness decreased.
Productivity increased.
However:
A massive underground industry arose to serve patrons.
Disorganized crime became “Organized Crime”.
Millions of citizens broke the law.
Law Enforcement was corrupted by crime bribes
21st Amendment ended prohibition in 1933.

53. The 1927 motion picture, The Jazz Singer, was the first major commercial film to feature?
All movies were silent prior to The Jazz Singer.
Music was provided by live musicians or record player.
It was the first to use synchronous dialogue and singing.
Within a few years, all of Hollywood was talkies.

54. Why the atomic bomb in Japan?
The European war was over.
The U.S. had considerable fears over losing the lives of millions of GIs.
President Truman wanted to prevent the USSR from entering a war with Japan, which would have entitled them to the spoils of war.
Truman also wanted to intimidate the Soviets by demonstrating the power of the bomb.

55. Explain the details of the Equal Rights Amendment
The amendment to the constitution would have prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender.
The first Equal Right Amendment (ERA) was voted on in Failed.
Voted every year after until Then it could never get out of the Judiciary Committee.
Revived in 1970, the ERA cleared the House and Senate by wide margins.
The ERA needed ¾ of states to ratify the vote in order to become law.
Fundamentalists and Social Conservatives (including many women), rose up against the law and it never passed.

56. What is the Stamp Act, and to what purpose was it passed by Parliament?
The Stamp Act of required all printed matter to bear a government stamp requiring a duty to be paid in hard money.
Legal documents, licenses, pamphlets, newspapers, playing cards, etc., etc.
The previous Currency Act forbade the colonies from printing money. So hard currency was hard to find.
Violators were tried in military courts to get around the jury of peers.
The colonists responded with public meetings of protest, lobbying Parliament and boycotting British goods.
Parliament repealed Stamp Act, but passed Delcaratory Act.

57. The doctrine of Nullification caused so many trouble. Explain.
Principle: purpose of the Constitution was to protect states against the tyranny of the national government.
Essentially, states have the right to nullify and federal law.
Supported by radical wing of States Rights movement
1st appeared in Jefferson’s “Kentucky Resolutions”
He argued that it violated 10th amendment.
The real rift happened with the 1828 “Tariff of Abominations”
South Carolina nullified the Tariff, but a compromise was reached by Henry Clay to avoid violence.
The “Force Bill”, declaring it legal to use the army and navy to collect taxes was passed by Andrew Jackson.

58. What did Alexis de Tocqueville say and write about America?
Tocqueville arrives in 1830.
Writes his famous Democracy in America”
Very impressed with the interest Americans take in politics.
Admires the “impermanence of the social hierarchy”, as opposed to Europe’s rigid class system.
Suggests that the absence of an Aristocracy and unlimited land was a unique American advantage.

59. How did westward migration radically change beginning in 1848?
In 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill.
The “49ers” began to arrive en mass.
Population of California grew from 15,000 to 300,000 in seven years.
The Western section of the Oregon Trail, that part heading for Oregon, was almost forgotten in 1849.
Very few people actually found cold. The suppliers to the gold camps made all the money.
California was made a state in the Compromise of 1850.

60. What was the free silver campaign of 1896 about?
The great cause of the “Populist Party”.
To increase the supply of money through the free coinage of silver.
Populists argued current practices favored the Eastern establishment.
Free coinage of silver would cause inflation and provide more money in circulation.
Farmers could pay there debts easier with this policy.
The bankers argued that their loans would be devalued by more money in circulation.

61. Explain the nature of our relationship with the Philippines
America destroyed the Spanish fleet in Spanish-American war.
Spain controlled Philippines since early 1500s.
The U.S. wanted a port for Pacific Trade.
Considered it the stepping stone to China trade.
Promised Emilo Aquinaldo the presidency and independence after Spain defeated. We lied.
The war of resistance immediately broke out.
The Filipinos lost with many killed on both sides.
The U.S. was to grant independence when World War II broke out. They gained independence after WWII.

62. “Free Speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing panic.”
The case is Schenck v. United States.
Schenck was challenging the constitutionality of the 1917 Espionage Act.
The Act forbade false statements and using the mail for treasonous materials to obstruct the draft or foment rebellion in the military.
Schenck, and co-defendants, dropped flyers to tell draftees that conscription was illegal, and they should ignore the draft.
The Supreme Court upheld his conviction saying, essentially, that Schenck endangered the nation.

63. How did George Wallace’s independent candidacy for President allow Richard Nixon to win in 1968?
George Wallace, was a former Governor of Alabama and staunch segregationist.
Knowing he couldn’t win outright, Wallace was hoping to win enough southern states to throw the election into the House of Representatives.
Although he did win 10 million votes, he mostly drew from disaffected Democrats, which allowed Nixon to squeak by and win the election.

64. Describe the relationship between English settlers and neighboring Indian tribes.
English settlers would have starved in 1607, were it not for the Powhatan Confederacy.
Powhatan’s were one of six Algonkian tribes making up the confederacy.
The Algonkians traded food for weapons and tools.
They hoped the Europeans would help against their enemies.
The English refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Algonkian culture.
English claimed right to private property, opposed women working in the fields, considered themselves socially superior, believed in absolute power of monarch as opposed to the Algonkians where authority was conferred by fellow tribe members. (democracy)
Both were deeply religious, albeit differing in who and what they believed in.

65. Puritan emigration slowed during the period of 1649-1660. Why?
This time period is called the “Interregnum”, meaning between the Kings.
Oliver Cromwell was named “lord protector”.
B/T 1642 & 1648, the Puritan Revolution, (English civil war) raged. Puritans, led by Cromwell, won.
Puritans wanted freedom to practice their religion and representation in government. With Cromwell in power, there was no need to emigrate.
By 1660, with the death of Cromwell, the Stuarts returned to the thrown.
Puritans, once again, headed for the new world.

66. What is the essence of the Monroe Doctrine?
The successful independence of Central and South American colonies was the catalyst.
Under President Monroe, the U.S. formally recognized the new countries.
Fear that England, France or Spain would try to re-take their colonies led to the Monroe Doctrine.
The doctrine stated that the U.S. had the right to intercede when their interests were threatened.
The doctrine was supported by England, whose trade had picked up when the colonies gained independence.

67. Two Supreme Court cases relative to Native Americans in 1831 & 1832 said what?
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were neither foreign nations, nor states.
As such, they had “no standing” in federal court.
He also ruled that the Cherokee had a right to their land and could not be forced off them.
Worcester v. George
Georgia wanted to relocate the Cherokee.
Marshall ruled that on the federal government had the authority to relocate Native Americans.
Jackson ignored the court and the Trail of Tears ensued.

68. What were the “Black Codes” in the 1830s?
These are not the “black codes” that state legislatures passed after the Civil War.
The 1830s codes were aimed at free blacks.
Free blacks were considered potential instigators of rebellion.
Many southerners considered themselves superior to blacks and resented their freedom.
Freed blacks made up the majority of skilled laborers in the South, thus competing against white folks in the jobs market.
The codes required licenses for skilled black workers, banned blacks from certain jobs, no assembling in public and prohibited the teaching of reading or writing to blacks.
Laws were passed to not allow the freeing of slave.
Many free blacks headed North.

69. How did the U.S. get the Oregon Territory?
Oregon, Washington and parts of Montana and Idaho.
Americans wanted all the land to 54 degree, 40’ (54, 40, or fight), which included parts of Canada.
President Polk, wary of another conflict, as the Mexican War was on the verge of beginning, pushed for diplomacy.
Britain accepted the 49th parallel.

70. Explain the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?
The reservation policy of 1860 had failed miserably.
The Dawes plan promised Native Americans 160 acres of land if they moved off the reservation.
Congress wanted to hasten the assimilation of Native Americans. The culture of private property was introduced.
Most refused offer, preferring to stay on reservation.
Those that did accept, sold their lands to speculators.

71. What was the purpose and result of the Sherman-Antitrust Act of 1890?
The original intent was to break up corporate monopolies.
Result of final law was vaguely worded.
However, it was clear about combinations, trusts or any conspiracy in the “restraint of trade”.
The terms were not defined, and it was left to a business-friendly court to do so.
Almost all courts cited labor unions as “a conspiracy in the restraint of trade”.
Until 1901, under T. Roosevelt, the law was used to harass and break unions.

72. The term “welfare capitalism” refers to the corporate practice of?
Offering workers incentive, such as pensions and profit sharing, to dissuade them from joining unions.

73. What the heck is the “Underwood –Simmons Tariff of 1913?
This tariff was passed under Woodrow Wilson, the only Democrat of the three progressive presidents.
Republicans usually supported high protective tariffs.

74. What are the particulars of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
Franklin Roosevelt on Farms:
The bottom had dropped out during 20s.
Overproduction of farm goods.
Deep in debt from expansion of land and machinery.
The Solution:
Give payments to farmers to stop growing crops in order to increase the value of food.
The program stabilized food prices and increased income from exports.
The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1936
It was resubmitted without the offending language and is still with us today.

75. What was the agenda of SNCC?
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
The 1960 organization was to promote anti-segregationist and black voting rights.
Southern opposition, jailings and beatings radicalized the organization and its members.
In 1966, Stokely Carmichael took control
Expelled all white members.
Advocated “black power” through separatism and violence

76. The End