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2. Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank
Visual Concepts

3. Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Weathering
Weathering and Soil Formation
Table of Contents
Section 1 Weathering
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Section 4 Soil Conservation

4. Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Bellringer
Think about how potholes form in paved roads. Write a few sentences that describe how water contributes to the formation of potholes. Illustrate how cycles of freezing and thawing help cause potholes to grow.
Record your response in your science journal.

5. Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Objectives
Describe how ice, water, wind, gravity, plants, and animals cause mechanical weathering.
Describe how water, acids, and air cause chemical weathering of rocks.

7. Mechanical Weathering
Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Mechanical Weathering
Ice The alternate freezing and thawing of soil and rock, called frost action, is a form of mechanical weathering.
Abrasion Abrasion is the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.
Wind, Water, and Gravity Wind, water, and gravity carry rocks, causing them to abrade against one another.

8. Mechanical Weathering, continued
Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Mechanical Weathering, continued
Plants As a plant grows, the force of the expanding root becomes so strong that it can break a rock apart.
Animals Almost any animal that burrows causes mechanical weathering by mixing and digging through soil and rock particles.

9. Animals and Mechanical Weathering
Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Animals and Mechanical Weathering
Animals that burrow in the ground break up soil and loosen rocks to be exposed to further weathering.

10. Chemical Weathering Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Water Even hard rock, such as granite, can be broken down by water. The next slide shows how this can happen.
Acid Precipitation The high level of acidity in acid precipitation can cause very rapid weathering of rock.
Acids in Groundwater When acidic groundwater comes into contact with limestone, the limestone is dissolved and forms karst features.

11. Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering

12. Chemical Weathering, continued
Chapter 10
Section 1 Weathering
Chemical Weathering, continued
Acids in Living Things Some living things, such as lichens, produce acids that can slowly break down rocks.
Air Oxygen in the air causes oxidation. Oxidation is the chemical reaction in which an element, such as iron, combines with oxygen to form an oxide.

13. Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
Bellringer
Imagine that you are in a sand castle-building competition at the beach. Come up with ways to protect your castle against the weathering effects of the wind and waves.
Record your response in your science journal.

14. Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
Objectives
Explain how the composition of rock affects the rate of weathering.
Describe how a rock’s total surface area affects the rate at which the rock weathers.
Describe how differences in elevation and climate affect the rate of weathering.

15. Differential Weathering
Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
Differential Weathering
What Is Differential Weathering? Differential weathering is a process by which softer, less weather resistant rock wear away and leave harder, more weather resistant rock. The image below is an example of differential weathering.

17. The Shape of Rocks Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
The Shape of Rocks
Surface Area The more surface area of a rock that is exposed to weathering, the faster the rock will be worn down.
Increasing the Rate of Weathering If a large rock is broken down into smaller fragments, weathering of the rock happens much more quickly.

18. Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering

19. Weathering and Climate
Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
Weathering and Climate
What Is Climate? Climate is the average weather condition in an area over a long period of time.
Temperature and Water The rate of chemical weathering happens faster in warm, humid climates. Water also increases the rate of mechanical weathering.

20. Weathering and Elevation
Chapter 10
Section 2 Rates of Weathering
Weathering and Elevation
High Elevations Rocks at higher elevations, as on a mountain, are exposed to more wind, rain, and ice than rocks at lower elevations.
Steep Slopes The steepness of mountain slopes increases the effects of mechanical and chemical weathering. Steep slopes cause water and sediments to quickly run down the side of the mountain.

21. Bellringer Chapter 10 Answer the following questions:
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Bellringer
Answer the following questions:
Has there always been soil on Earth?
What makes soil valuable to humans?
Write your answers in your science journal.

22. Objectives Chapter 10 Describe the source of soil.
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Objectives
Describe the source of soil.
Explain how the different properties of soil affect plant growth.
Describe how various climates affect soil.

24. The Source of Soil Chapter 10
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
The Source of Soil
What Is Soil? Soil is a loose mixture of small mineral fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation.
Residual and Transported Soil Soil that remains above its parent rock is called residual soil. Soil that is blown or washed away from its parent rock is called transported soil.

25. Soil Properties Chapter 10
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Soil Properties
Soil Texture and Soil Structure Soil texture is the soil quality that is based on the proportions of soil particles. Soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles.

26. Chapter 10
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil

27. Soil Properties, continued
Chapter 10
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Soil Properties, continued
Soil Fertility A soil’s ability to hold nutrients and to supply nutrients to a plant is described as soil fertility.
Soil Horizons Because of the way soil forms, soil often ends up in a series of layers called horizons.
Soil pH Soils can be acidic or basic. The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a soil is.

28. Soil and Climate Chapter 10
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Soil and Climate
Tropical Rain Forest Climates The warm soil in tropical rain forest climates allows dead plants and animals to decay easily. This provides rich humus to the soil.
Desert Climates The lack of rain in desert climates leads to low rates of chemical and mechanical weathering.

29. Soil and Climate, continued
Chapter 10
Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil
Soil and Climate, continued
Temperate Forest and Grassland Climates Temperate forest and grassland climates get enough rain to cause a high level of chemical weathering, but not too much that nutrients are leached out.
Arctic Climates In arctic climates, as in desert climates, chemical weathering occurs very slowly. Low temperatures slow the formation of humus.

30. Chapter 10
Section 4 Soil Conservation
Bellringer
Franklin D. Roosevelt once said: “The nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”
What do you think this quote means? Record your response in your science journal.

31. Chapter 10
Section 4 Soil Conservation
Objectives
Describe three important benefits that soil provides.
Describe four methods of preventing soil damage and loss.

33. The Importance of Soil Chapter 10
Section 4 Soil Conservation
The Importance of Soil
Nutrients Soil provides minerals and other nutrients for plants. All animals get their energy from plants.
Housing Soil provides a place for animals to live.
Water Storage Without soil to hold water, plants would not get the moisture or the nutrients they need.

34. Soil Damage and Loss Chapter 10
Section 4 Soil Conservation
Soil Damage and Loss
Overuse Overused soil can lose its nutrients and become infertile.
Soil Erosion When soil is left unprotected, it can be exposed to erosion. Erosion is the process by which wind, water, or gravity transport soil and sediment from one location to another.

35. Contour Plowing and Terracing
Chapter 10
Section 4 Soil Conservation
Contour Plowing and Terracing
Contour Plowing In contour plowing, the rows of soil act as a series of dams to prevent water from eroding topsoil away.
Terracing If hills are steep, farmers can using terracing. Terracing changes one steep field into a series of smaller, flatter fields.

36. Cover Crop and Crop Rotation
Chapter 10
Section 4 Soil Conservation
Cover Crop and Crop Rotation
Cover Crops Cover crops are crops that are planted between harvests to replace certain nutrients and prevent erosion. Cover crops prevent erosion by providing cover from wind and rain.
Crop Rotation Farmers can rotate crops that use different nutrients so that nutrients in the soil have time to become replenished.

37. Chapter 10
Weathering and Soil Formation
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
parent rock
chemical weathering
mechanical weathering
rock
ice wedging
oxidation
soil

38. Chapter 10
Weathering and Soil Formation

39. Chapter 10
Weathering and Soil Formation

40. End of Chapter 10 Show

41. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

42. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 Earthworms are very important for forming soil. As they search for food by digging tunnels in the soil, they expose rocks and minerals to the effects of weathering. Over time, this process makes new soil. And as the worms dig tunnels, they mix the soil, which allows air and water and smaller organisms to move deeper into the soil. Worms have huge appetites. They eat organic matter and other materials in the soil. One earthworm can eat an amount equal to about half its body weight each day!
Continued on the next slide

43. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued Eating all of that food means that earthworms leave behind a lot of waste. Earthworm wastes, called castings, are very high in
nutrients and make excellent natural fertilizer. Castings enrich the soil and enhance plant growth.

44. Chapter 10 1. In the passage, what does enhance mean? A to weaken
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does enhance mean?
A to weaken
B to improve
C to smooth out
D to decrease

45. Chapter 10 1. In the passage, what does enhance mean? A to weaken
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does enhance mean?
A to weaken
B to improve
C to smooth out
D to decrease

46. Chapter 10 2. According to the passage, the earthworms
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, the earthworms
F eat organic matter and other materials in soil.
G do not have much of an appetite.
H love to eat castings.
I cannot digest organic matter in soil.

47. Chapter 10 2. According to the passage, the earthworms
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, the earthworms
F eat organic matter and other materials in soil.
G do not have much of an appetite.
H love to eat castings.
I cannot digest organic matter in soil.

48. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage?
A Earthworms are not important for forming soil.
B Earthworms only eat organic matter in the soil.
C An earthworm can eat an amount that equals half its body weight each day.
D Earthworms eat little food but leave behind a lot of waste.

49. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage?
A Earthworms are not important for forming soil.
B Earthworms only eat organic matter in the soil.
C An earthworm can eat an amount that equals half its body weight each day.
D Earthworms eat little food but leave behind a lot of waste.

50. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Worms are not the only living things that help create soil. Plants also play a part in the weathering process. As the roots of plants grow and seek out water and nutrients, they help break large rock fragments into smaller ones. Have you ever seen a plant growing in a crack in the sidewalk? As the plant grows, its roots spread into tiny cracks in the sidewalk. These roots apply pressure to the cracks, and over time, the cracks get bigger. As the plants make the cracks bigger, ice wedging can occur more readily.
Continued on the next slide

51. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued As the cracks expand, more water runs into them. When the water freezes, it expands and presses against the walls of the crack, which makes the crack even larger. Over time, the weathering caused by water, plants, and worms helps break down rock to form soil.

52. Chapter 10 1. How do plants make it easier for ice wedging to occur?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. How do plants make it easier for ice wedging to occur?
A Plant roots block the cracks and don’t allow water to enter.
B Plant roots provide moisture to cracks.
C Plant roots make the cracks larger, which allows more water to enter the cracks.
D Plants absorb excess water from cracks.

53. Chapter 10 1. How do plants make it easier for ice wedging to occur?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. How do plants make it easier for ice wedging to occur?
A Plant roots block the cracks and don’t allow water to enter.
B Plant roots provide moisture to cracks.
C Plant roots make the cracks larger, which allows more water to enter the cracks.
D Plants absorb excess water from cracks.

54. Chapter 10 2. For ice wedging to occur, F water in cracks must freeze.
Standardized Test Preparation
2. For ice wedging to occur,
F water in cracks must freeze.
G plant roots must widen cracks.
H acid is needed.
I water is not needed.

55. Chapter 10 2. For ice wedging to occur, F water in cracks must freeze.
Standardized Test Preparation
2. For ice wedging to occur,
F water in cracks must freeze.
G plant roots must widen cracks.
H acid is needed.
I water is not needed.

56. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage?
A Plant roots can strangle earthworms.
B Earthworms eat plant roots.
C Plant roots cannot crack sidewalks.
D Plant roots break large rock fragments into smaller ones.

57. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage?
A Plant roots can strangle earthworms.
B Earthworms eat plant roots.
C Plant roots cannot crack sidewalks.
D Plant roots break large rock fragments into smaller ones.

58. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows the average yearly rainfall in five locations. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.

59. Chapter 10 1. Which location has the most average yearly rainfall? A 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which location has the most average yearly rainfall?
A 1
B 2
C 4
D 5

60. Chapter 10 1. Which location has the most average yearly rainfall? A 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which location has the most average yearly rainfall?
A 1
B 2
C 4
D 5

61. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. At which location would you expect to find the most chemical weathering?
F 1
G 3
H 4
I 5

62. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. At which location would you expect to find the most chemical weathering?
F 1
G 3
H 4
I 5

63. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. At which location would you expect to find the least amount of chemical weathering?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5

64. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. At which location would you expect to find the least amount of chemical weathering?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5

65. Chapter 10 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

66. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. If an earthworm that weighs 1.5 g eats an amount equal to half its body weight in a day, how much does the earthworm eat in 1 week?
A 10.5 g
B 7 g
C 5.25 g
D 1.5 g

67. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. If an earthworm that weighs 1.5 g eats an amount equal to half its body weight in a day, how much does the earthworm eat in 1 week?
A 10.5 g
B 7 g
C 5.25 g
D 1.5 g

68. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Calculate the surface area of a cube that measures 3 cm by 3 cm.
F 9 cm
G 9 cm2
H 54cm
I 54 cm2

69. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Calculate the surface area of a cube that measures 3 cm by 3 cm.
F 9 cm
G 9 cm2
H 54cm
I 54 cm2

70. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. If a mountain peak weathers away 2 cm every 6 years, how many years will the mountain peak take to weather away 1 m?
A 8 years
B 12 years
C 180 years
D 300 years

71. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. If a mountain peak weathers away 2 cm every 6 years, how many years will the mountain peak take to weather away 1 m?
A 8 years
B 12 years
C 180 years
D 300 years

72. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
4. The rock ledge that lies under a waterfall erodes about 3 cm each year. How much of the rock will erode over a period of 18 months?
F 4.5 cm
G 6 cm
H 21 cm
I 54 cm

73. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
4. The rock ledge that lies under a waterfall erodes about 3 cm each year. How much of the rock will erode over a period of 18 months?
F 4.5 cm
G 6 cm
H 21 cm
I 54 cm

74. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
5. A garden shop charges $0.30 for each ground-cover seedling. How many seedlings can you buy for $6.00?
A 5 seedlings
B 18 seedlings
C 20 seedlings
D 200 seedlings

75. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
5. A garden shop charges $0.30 for each ground-cover seedling. How many seedlings can you buy for $6.00?
A 5 seedlings
B 18 seedlings
C 20 seedlings
D 200 seedlings