1. Kinetic Effects in the Magnetosphere Richard E Denton Dartmouth College

2. What Do We Mean by Kinetic Effects? Related to kinetic theory, but more general Kinetic theory is a description of a plasma using a phase space distribution In a phase space distribution, there is assumed to be a smooth distribution of particles with respect to spatial position and velocity

3. Examples of Kinetic Effects Hall reconnection Meandering orbits in reconnection Particle drifts around the earth separating ions from electrons Drift shell splitting Cusp bifurcation of trapped populations Curvature scattering Drift resonant acceleration of particles from fast mode fronts

4. Hall Reconnection [Birn et al., JGR, 2001]

5. Invariants

6. Adiabatic Particle Drifts [from Emilia Kilpuna from ?]

7. Meandering Orbits of Unmagnetized Electrons Can Support the Out of Plane Reconnection Electric Field [Hesse, Space Sci. Rev., 2011]

8. Separation of Particle Populations [Thorne, GRL, 2010]

9. So What Do I Mean by Kinetic Effects? In the broadest sense, effects that cannot be described by single fluid MHD In a more narrow sense, effects that cannot be described by fluid equations In the most narrow sense, effects that occur because of a distribution of particles in velocity space

10. WAVES Wave phenomenon strongly depend on kinetic effects and have a large influence on important particle distributions

11. Classification of Waves Waves are categorized by frequency or the process that generated them Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) have a frequency range of roughly 1 mHz to about 3 Hz (magnetospheric definition) The Pc (pulsation continuous) classes are –Pc 5, 1-7 mHz –Pc 4, 7-22 mHz –Pc 3, 22-100 mHz –Pc 2, 0.1-0.2 Hz –Pc 1, 0.2-5 Hz ELF about 3 Hz to 3 kHz (magnetospheric definition) VLF 3 to 30 kHz

12. ULF Waves Mostly MHD waves (not Pc 1) - aspects of these waves can be described by MHD equations Ion scale – the ions are able to oscillate at these frequencies (electron stick with the ions to maintain quasi-neutrality) Pc 4-5 – often associated with fundamental or 2 nd harmonic of the Alfven wave eigenmode along field lines –may be externally driven by fast mode waves related to oscillations of the magnetopause or internally driven by the particle population Pc 2-4 – often associated with higher harmonics of the Alfven wave eigenmodes driven by external waves Pc 1-2 – often associated with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EMIC) driven by the ion velocity distribution (much of the talk will focus on these) –Frequency near the proton gyrofrequency

13. VLF Waves 3 to 30 kHz High frequency waves are associated with electrons – only the electrons are able to oscillate at these frequencies Includes plasma waves (Langmuir oscillations) and whistler chorus waves

14. ELF Waves 3 Hz to 3 kHz Range in between proton gyrofrequency and electron gyrofrequency Includes waves at harmonics of the proton gyrofrequency, at the lower hybrid frequency, and in a broad range of whistler waves Includes whistler “hiss” waves

15. KINETIC DRIVING OF WAVES Waves grow due to an instability resulting from inhomogeneity. Some waves, such as the lower hybrid drift wave and the drift Alfven ballooning mode (Pc 4-5), can be driven by spatial inhomogeneity. Here we consider velocity space instabilities.

16. Types of Velocity Space Instabilities Two stream velocity distribution, or beam velocity distribution, or bump on tail velocity distribution Temperature anisotropy

17. DISPERSION SURFACES Fluid theory describes wave dispersion surfaces, but kinetic calculations show that these surfaces can be altered by the finite temperature of the plasma

18. Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in H+, e- Plasma [See Andre, Dispersion Surfaces, 1985]

19. H+, He+, e- Plasma

20. H+, He+, O+, e- Plasma

21. Group Velocity

22. Kinetic Effects Alter the He Dispersion Surface ehkim@pppl.gov [Denton et al., JGR, 2014]

23. Kinetic Effect on Ion Bernstein Dispersion Surface [Denton et al., JGR, 2010]

24. jWhamp available from me (redenton@dartmouth.edu)

25. jWhamp Output And output files with detailed field and particle species information

26. SIMULATIONS ELECTROMAGNETIC ION CYCLOTRON WAVES (EMIC) Fluid theory and kinetic dispersion codes can give valuable information about waves, but ultimately observed waves result from nonlinear growth, which is usually best modeled by simulations

27. General Wave Properties Electromagnetic (dB as well as dE)  <  cp Driven by properties of the ion (normally proton) velocity distribution function, temperature anisotropy T  > T // or possibly a loss cone distribution function Waves driven near magnetic equator where  h// is large Resonance particles see Doppler shifted wave frequency that matches the proton gyrofrequency For parallel propagation (  kB  0), the waves are left hand polarized, but they become linearly polarized at large  kB Heavy ions make a difference since they alter the wave dispersion surfaces

28. Causes of EMIC Waves Waves driven by compressions (ephemeral waves) or by replenishment of anisotropic ring current H+ (driven waves) Drift shell splitting Stagna -tion P dyn

29. Hybrid Code Description Self-consistent hybrid code simulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves Full dynamics particle ions and/or electrons, inertialess fluid electrons to bring about charge neutrality Dipole coordinates Can have reflecting conductor boundary conditions, but here we are damping waves at the boundaries Initialize particle distribution from anisotropic MHD equilibrium Waves driven by hot protons with T  /T //  2 near the magnetic equator Hot protons, cold H+, cold He+, and cold O+ Some runs include a plasmapause for cold species

30. Hybrid Code Description – New Features Now making full scale runs at geostationary orbit with realistic parameters Can make particles relativistic –Evolve u =  v = p/m 0 rather than v –  2 = 1 + u 2 /c 2 –du/dt = F Lorentz /m 0 –dx/dt = u/  Can remove precipitating particles –Mark time of precipitating particles (and stop evolving) if sin 2  = u  2 /u 2 < B b /( L 0 3 *sqrt( 4 – 3/L ) ) when particles cross the ionospheric boundary (otherwise reflect them) Simple 1D Matlab hybrid code available (not this one) – email redenton@dartmouth.edu

31. Normalized Equations

32. Geometry

33. A h sqrt(  h// ) From Anisotropic MHD Code

34. Finding equilibrium

35. Evolution of EMIC Wave Fields

36. Evolution of  kB

37. Spectra Observed in plume (data courtesy Brian Fraser) Simulation in plasmasphere (different time and location)

38. 2D Ellipticity-Power Color Map

39. Wave Power on Curvilinear Grid at Different Times (  He+, 0.5% O+)

40. Wave Power Development and Poynting Vector

41. Effect of O+ Concentration on Wave Development

42. O+ Heating

43. Effect of Gradients – Coherence Length [Hu and Denton, 2009] q

44. Effect of Plasmapause

45. Heavy Ion Composition [Craven et al., JGR, 1997] [Denton et al., JGR, 2011]

46. L Profiles of Plasma Parameters From Vania’s Jordanova’s Simulation of 9 June 2001 EMIC Event Cold Compo- sition Constant Cold Compo- sition Variable

47. Simulations with low O+ and large O+ in trough

48. Frequencies WHAMP Simulation

49. Effect of Waves on Ring Current H+

50. Run with Realistic Parameters and Full Scale Size

51. Pitch Angle Distribution Functions Now integrate over v, and define normalized pitch angle distribution function for bi- Maxwellian with R T = T  /T //

52. Pitch Angle Distribution Functions for Run t=0, q<0.2 t=2000, q<0.2 t=2000, precipitated

53. Precipitation of Ring Current H+

54. Precipitation (loss) to Ionosphere of Radiation Belt Electrons

55. Wave Power

56. Fields

57. Wave Proper- ties

58. Probability of Precipi- tation in 1 s

59. Probability Versus Pitch Angle and Energy

60. Diffusion Coefficients

61. Conclusions Kinetic effects usually refer to effects arising from a distribution of particle velocities. In the broadest sense, a multifluid description could be considered to be kinetic. Kinetic effects give rise to different evolution for different particle populations, either differences due to a difference in species (westward versus eastward drift), or differences due to different velocities (drift shell splitting) Kinetic effects influence processes such as magnetic reconnection Kinetic effects alter wave properties Kinetic effects cause waves to grow and these waves affect different parts of the velocity distribution differently