1. Heat in the Environment
Chapter 8 – Energy Transfer and Conservation

2. Introduction What does “transfer” mean?
Movement of energy from one place to another without a change in form
What does “transformation” mean?
Process changing from one form of energy to another
Are they the same thing?

3. KEY QUESTION
How does the transfer of energy affect natural and human-built environment?

4. Natural vs. Human-Built
How do natural environments differ from human-built environments?
Natural environments are living and non-living things that occur naturally; human-built environments have been invented and built by people

5. Natural and Human-Made
What are some examples of things and processes that occur in our natural environment?
Oceans, mountains, the wind, water, sunlight, etc.
What are some examples of things and processes that that are human-built?
Bridges, cars, coffee cups, etc.

6. 8.1 Thermal Energy Transfer
What is the definition of thermal energy?
Thermal Energy: the total kinetic energy and energy of attraction of all the particles of a material
we can increase the thermal energy of a substance by heating it
We can decrease the thermal energy of a substance by cooling it
Changes in thermal energy can cause a substance to change states (solid to liquid, etc.)

7. What if…?
What would life be like if we didn’t have refrigerators, air conditioners, and heaters?
Read page 203

8. 8.3 Conduction
Figure 1 on page 206
What is happening? Explain.

9. Conduction
Conduction: the transfer of thermal energy through a substance, or between substances in contact, by the collision of particles
Particles must collide in order for thermal energy to be transferred by conduction

10. Question…
Can conduction occur between two objects that are not touching or connected in some way?
No…conduction can only occur between two objects or substances that are touching.
Read page 206 and 207

11. 8.4 Conduction and Geological Processes
Trivia: What is the Earth made up of?
The mantle is almost entirely solid rock. It contains a small amount of molten rock, but the vast majority is solid.
What does “geological” mean?
Having to do with the Earth and rocks
How might conduction effect geological processes?

12. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy: is energy contained below the Earth’s surface
Read top of page 208

13. Volcanic Eruptions
The volcanic eruptions that cause hot magma to be pushed to Earth’s surface are not caused by conduction; the magma rises toward the surface because it is less dense than the surrounding rock.
Magma is often under pressure because it is in tight spaces when it is heated.
Magma and lava lose a lot of thermal energy through conduction into the surrounding rocks or air.

14. Heat and Rock Formation
Igneous rock: rock formed from magma that has cooled and solidified
Metamorphic rock: rock that is formed when heat and pressure change existing rock

15. Heat and Rock Formation
Once the rock is exposed to high temperature and pressure, thermal energy is transferred to the rock by conduction
This causes the particles of the rock to be rearranged, resulting in the formation of metamorphic rock, including diamonds

16. Diamonds Form deep in the Earth’s crust
Heat and pressure may change substances into diamond
Metamorphic rock

17. 8.5 Convection
Convection: the transfer of thermal energy from one part of a fluid to another by circulating current of faster-moving and slower-moving particles
Convection occurs in a fluid whenever warmer fluid exists below cooler fluid.
Heating fluid from below causes convection because it produces an area of warm fluid at the nottom of an area of cooler fluid.

18. Steps to heating a pot of soup on the stove…
Groups of 3 or 4
Arrange the steps in the correct order
Steps cut out for each group

19. Figure 1 on page 210…
What is happening when this pot of soup is heated?
Read page 210 and 211

20. 8.6 Convection in the Environment
What did you notice during the last thunderstorm we had/you remember?
What were the conditions before the storm?
Why do thunderstorms happen?
Occur largely because of the effects of convection in the atmosphere
Change in temperatures

21. What is convection and conduction?
Convection: the transfer of thermal energy from one part of a fluid to another by circulating current of faster-moving and slower-moving particles
Conduction: the transfer of thermal energy through a substance, or between substances in contact, by the collision of particles

22. Thunderstorms Thunder and lightening
Can lead to hail, tornados, and hurricanes
The Earth’s surface is heated by the sun
Energy is transferred to the air by conduction
The warm air is pushed up higher
Large puffy clouds appear
A lot of thermal energy released
Read top of page 213

23. 8.7 Radiation What is our major source of energy?
The Sun
Conduction and convection can only occur when matter is present
In this section, we will learn about the third type of energy transfer that does not require the presence of matter

24. Energy Transfer
Radiant Energy: energy that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves through empty space; includes visible light, ultraviolet rays, and infrared rays
Radiation: the transfer of radiant energy by means of electromagnetic waves
Hair straightener activity
Read page 214 and 215

25. UV Rays

26. What colour attracts the sun?

27. 8.8 Managing the Transfer of Thermal Energy
What are the three methods of energy transfer?
Conduction – transfers thermal energy through walls
Convection – currents produced by heaters warm the rooms
Radiation – from the Sun; energy can be transferred to roofs through electromagnetic rays

28. Our School
What are some components of the school that work together to transfer energy throughout the school?
Walls, roof, lights, air vents, floors, windows, doors, custodians, etc.
What happens when a building is poorly designed?
Some areas may be really hot and some may be very cold
Expensive to heat because of poor insulation
Read page 217

29. Thermal Energy Transfer
What are ways we can reduce thermal energy transfer?
Caulking gaps
Replace old furnaces
Closing blinds on sunny days
Open windows at night to bring in cooler air

30. Preventing Conduction
Use insulating materials
The higher the R-Value, the more difficult it is for energy to move through the material
Insulation material R-Value
(2.5 cm thick)
wood –1.41
fibreglass batt –3.6
cellulose –3.7
polystyrene foam
board

31. Green Roofs 10% reduction in heat costs during the winter
25% saving in air conditioning costs in the summer
Read page