1. Physics 1251 The Science and Technology of Musical Sound Unit 2 Session 14 MWF Human Perception: Loudness Unit 2 Session 14 MWF Human Perception: Loudness

2. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Foolscap Quiz: A sound has an intensity of 0.005 W/m 2. What is the Sound Intensity Level (SIL) in dB? Pass the sheet to your left when you finish. Please do not use your notes. Thank you! SIL = 10 Log ( I / I threshold ) SIL = 10 Log (.005/ (1 x10 -12 )) SIL = 10 Log ( 5 x 10 9 ) = 97 dB.

3. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness 1′ Lecture: Loudness is the magnitude of the sensation produced by a sound; the “amount” of sound. Loudness is the magnitude of the sensation produced by a sound; the “amount” of sound. Loudness (in sone) is how many times larger (or smaller) the sensation is judged to be, relative to a tone of SIL=40 dB at 1000 Hz. Loudness (in sone) is how many times larger (or smaller) the sensation is judged to be, relative to a tone of SIL=40 dB at 1000 Hz. Loudness Level (in phon) is equal to the SIL at 1000 Hz that produces the same magnitude of sensation. Loudness Level (in phon) is equal to the SIL at 1000 Hz that produces the same magnitude of sensation.

4. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness The Human Ear is a “non-linear Sensor” Physics ⇒ Physiology ⇒ Perception

5. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Human Aural Response: Intensity → Loudness Intensity → Loudness Frequency →Pitch Frequency →Pitch Vibration Recipe →Timbre Vibration Recipe →Timbre Frequency Vibration Recipe Intensity Intensity Vibration recipe Intensity IntensityFrequency But…

6. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness “Resonant” Frequency vs Location on Basilar Membrane 20 kHz 20 Hz Range of Maximum Sensitivity

7. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness The Density of Hair C ells (HC) varies with distance from the stapes. Fewer HC More HC

8. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Fletcher- Munson Diagram Fletcher and Munson (1933) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82-108 Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Loudness (phon)

9. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness 80/20 The Fletcher-Munson Diagram is a plot of the SIL (in dB) versus frequency for the SIL required to produce an equal sensation as that produced at 1000 Hz. 80/20 The contours are of equal loudness level. 80/20 The unit of loudness level is the phon.

10. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Fletcher- Munson Diagram Fletcher and Munson (1933) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82-108 Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

11. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Auditory Demonstration #6 Houstma and Rossing Institute for Perception Research (IPO) Einhoven, The Netherlands & Acoustical Society of America Track 17,18 Count the number of tones you that can hear at each of the following frequencies: can hear at each of the following frequencies: 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz.

12. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Using the Fletcher- Munson Diagram Determine the SIL necessary to have a Loudness Level of 70 phon at 200 Hz, 2000 Hz and 10,000 Hz.

13. Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 40 90 10 30 60 80 110 130 20 50 70 100 120 Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Using the Fletcher- Munson Diagram Determine the SIL necessary to have a Loudness Level of 70 phon at 200 Hz, 2000 Hz and 10,000 Hz.

14. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Fletcher- Munson Diagram Fletcher and Munson (1933) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82-108 Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Equal Loudness (70 phon) 200 Hz—70 dB 2 kHz—70 dB 10 kHz—75 dB

15. Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 40 90 10 30 60 80 110 130 20 50 70 100 120 Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Using the Fletcher- Munson Diagram Using the F-M Diagram determine the Loudness Level of an 80 dB tone at 100 Hz, 400 Hz and 8000 Hz.

16. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Fletcher- Munson Diagram Fletcher and Munson (1933) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82-108 Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 73 phon 81 phon 72 phon Loudness (phon) 80 dB

17. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Fletcher- Munson Diagram Fletcher and Munson (1933) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82-108 Frequency (Hz) SIL(dB) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

18. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Since the Loudness Level for a given frequency can be approximated by a linear function of the Intensity Level, Thus: LL ≈ A f (SIL – SIL threshold ), 80/20 One of the settings of a Sound Level Meter (filter switch “A”) modifies the calibration of the instrument to account for the frequency dependence of human hearing. 80/20 The Sound Level is reported then as “dBA.”

19. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Sound Level Meter Measures Measures Sound Intensity Level (SIL) in dB

20. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Loudness 80/20 A subjective measure of the magnitude of auditory sensation is called Loudness and is measured in sone. In this system, one listens to two sounds and judges how much louder or softer a test sound is compared to the reference. For example, a sound of 2 sone sounds twice as loud as a tone of 1 sone.

21. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Auditory Demonstration #7 Houstma and Rossing Institute for Perception Research (IPO) Einhoven, The Netherlands & Acoustical Society of America Track 19,20 Estimate how loud each of the sound samples is, compared to the reference sound sample. The reference is presented first along with the loudest and softest sounds.

22. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Loudness Scaling Loudness L ∝∛ I 80/20 Thus, an eight (8) singer ensemble sounds about twice (2x) as loud as a soloist. Because ∛ 8 = 2. Likewise, a choir of sixty-four (64) sounds about four (4x) times louder than a soloist. ∛ 64 = 4.

23. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Summary: Loudness is the magnitude of the sensation produced by a sound; it is measured in sone. Loudness is the magnitude of the sensation produced by a sound; it is measured in sone. Loudness Level (in phon) is equal to the SIL at 1000 Hz that produces the same magnitude of sensation. Loudness Level (in phon) is equal to the SIL at 1000 Hz that produces the same magnitude of sensation. Loudness increases approximately with the cube root of intensity. Loudness increases approximately with the cube root of intensity.

24. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness Summary: The loudness depends on frequency. The loudness depends on frequency.

25. Physics 1251Unit 2 Session 14 Human Perception: Loudness n Examination 1