1. LJUBLJANA CONFERENCE ON HIGHER EDUCATION REFORM 2-4 th October 2013 HIGHER EDUCATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE Professor Catherine A. Odora Hoppers DST/NRF South African Research Chair in Development Education UNISA University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

2. South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) A strategically focused knowledge and human resource intervention into the South African Higher Education system. Mandate: – Advance the frontiers of knowledge, create new research career pathways and stimulate strategic research. – Fast track leadership building through postgraduate training.

3. DST/NRF SARChI Chair in Development Education Funded by the South African Department of Science and Technology. Administered by the National Research Foundation. Hosted by the University of South Africa (Unisa)

4. UNISA It is a mega-university (400,000 students) It is the biggest university in Africa It is the 8 th biggest in the world

5. Introduction - Ljubjlana Higher education in sub-Saharan Africa: in the form and shape we recognize today, is a young and nascent phenomenon.

6. Inception to challenges Since its inception, through the incarnation of the educational systems of colonial powers, higher education in sub-Saharan Africa has made significant strides, but also faced major challenges.

7. Higher education in sub- Saharan Africa has emerged from virtual nonexistence some four decades ago to an enterprise that enrols several million students and recruits hundreds and thousands of faculty and staff (Teferra 2006). From Non-Existence to an Enterprise

8. The Questions What are the major features of universities in Sub-Saharan Africa at the current time, and what are the major historical developments that have contributed to this situation? Where do we go from here?

9. First conceptualizations Taking the short-sighted vision the shortfall emerges right from the first conceptualisation of the African university. In those early days, universities were conceived of as institutions for producing manpower to indigenise the civil service following independence.

10. an understatement To say today that this framework involved a complete misunderstanding of the tasks that lay ahead is an understatement (Mkandawire, 2000:1).

11. Short-sight…. Clearly there was a gross underestimation of: the intellectual and political processes of development, and nation building that followed independence, and the short-sightedness of it all became evident very quickly.

12. For instance Once indigenisation was achieved, governments had little reason continue to support universities, especially after indigenisation was compounded by the dubious claims of the World Bank that higher education in Africa had lower returns than secondary and primary levels of education – signalling to all donors to diminish their support for university education

13. Repression Soon thereafter, the repressive politics became the norm across the continent (esp. in the 1970s) entrenched the relativization of academe left no room for intellectuals to occupy public space, sending scores of Africa’s best brains into exile, self-effacement and invisibility, self- imposed marginalisation, fawning adulation of power, jail or death.

14. Instinctively organic In better times, African intellectuals had been instinctively organic – that is to say, they submitted their intellectual values to the nationalist project.

15. The 5 projects This project had five tenets: complete decolonisation of the continent and national sovereignty; nation building; economic and social development; democratisation; and regional co-operation

16. Submission African intellectuals shared these objectives and were willing to submit themselves to the command of the nationalist and developmental state, which they viewed as the custodian of the development process.

17. Mutual tolerance The university was seen as the institution that had to train human resources for “that” development. This consensus generated mutual tolerance and amicable co-operation

18. The mumblings By the 1970s, however, things had began to sour, and by the arrival of structural adjustment, African governments had turned elsewhere. They began to mumble that local research was ‘irrelevant’, by which they meant that it was not usable in policy matters.

19. The two sides of the road Supported by donors, they were on one side of the road insisting (in a populist manner) on relevance – which was by then reduced to the provision of manpower resources for “development” – while the academics lined up on the other side of the road waving ‘quality’ placards at the government

20. Gravitation towards applied research In order to be relevant, universities were expected to gravitate: towards the attainment of concrete and demonstrable goals, with an emphasis on applied research.

21. Structural conservatism Not surprisingly, the response to this pressure was structural conservatism as universities whined about how such a move would detract them from their classical objectives of teaching and research (Sawyerr, 2002), even though no serious questions were being asked about the nature of research questions.

22. A status quo in disrepute Universities were defending a status quo – which was itself in disrepute – stressing the maintenance of a stale stability, and vowing it would continue to do the same thing, in the same direction, and at the same pace

23. You are on your own Under enormous pressure to account for themselves (Mafeje, 1993) many African intellectuals soul-searched about their role as intellectuals, and the relevance of the institutions that they inhabited or ran, or were invited to occupy.

24. The beginnings…. It is from this soul-searching that one picks up the critical cultural analysis of the African university.

25. Focus on African society Mazrui had long argued that the African university was conceived of as a transmission belt for Western high culture rather than as an institution to contextualise standards, and set parameters of excellence based on the needs of African society and people.

26. Second Level Indigenization It is this latter conception that enabled the grounding of the very process and agenda for learning and research in local conditions; and which in the 21 st century, some African universities are finally realizing 5 decades deep, that they could have started with “Second Level Indigenization” (SLI) at the very start.

27. Briefly: the difference First Level indigenization (FLI) deals with the regulatory rules, accepting the plot and leaving the frame intact. Second level indigenization questions the rules of the game. It goes into the constitutive rules that make the paradigms of practice, what I call, “the codes” (Odora Hoppers 2009, 2013).

28. For instance Making transdisciplinarity in knowledge production be a focus. The disciplinary knowledge spectrums (Law, economics, education and science) are transformed by enlargement.

29. Transformation of the Academy 1.Ethical space imperatives and dialogues on epistemological and cultural jurisdictions 2.Transformation by enlargement and restorative action 3.African metaphysics and paradigms of livelihood

30. Science Science is examined from the way it has created: fundamental cognitive deficiencies in much of the African population, resulting in the massive evacuation of Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the lower hierachisation of IK producers.

31. Economics Economics is dealt with from its roots of notions of scarcity, which endorses the paradigm of ‘survival of the fittest’ and which is boxing all graduates into thinking this is the only way – into a paradigm of abundance—which deals with notions of human survival differently.

32. Innovation Innovation based on these precepts has excluded the knowledge that the African people have, and therefore students need to be made aware of how innovation links to this enterprise and investment, and how it excludes in this process.

33. Introducing bi-cultural experts The absence of bicultural experts at the epistemological level has made it next to impossible to break the cycle of hierarchisation of knowledge endemic in the structures of the university.

34. Repairing a flying plane Transformation of the Academy is crucial; Not just reform! But, we have to repair the plane while it is flying…

35. That means that we have to create new notions of democracy; in fact democratising democrary. Africa needs intellectuals who are able to see the link between science and citizenship, democracy and epistemology, cognitive justice and peace,

36. The wings and one of the engines are done and superimpose them on governance issues in the university in fact meaning… Create a context in practice.. as the plane moves on…

37. What do I mean??? Thus all theory must be linked with its epistemological locus and anchored in ethics. The link with the “other” through the democratic imperative prevents duress from setting in. This is the meaning and task of cognitive justice.

38. Duress and Humiliation From and African perspective, Duress and humiliation are the “single” and most important weapon of mass destruction It has imprisoned Africans and African academics and policy makers into a corner

39. Cognitive Justice Cognitive justice is the right of all forms or traditions of knowledge to co-exist without duress. The approach is o free African knowledges to co-exist with other knowledges WITHOUT DURESS

40. The answers going forward When we raise the ethical benchmarks in research and policy work; We create a unique moment when the inner voice of disenfranchisement meets the outer voice of empowerment… When the inner cry for self-determination meets the warm embrace of co- determination.

41. Thank you!!! I thank you for inviting me to Ljubljana and listening to me