1. 1 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union Abstract :  The application of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union will require a dense and frequent monitoring of chlorophyll-a near the coast. Not counting the transitional water bodies located in the vicinity of estuaries, not less than seventy four coastal water bodies have to be monitored along the coast of the French Atlantic continental shelf and the English Channel. All the available data have to be gathered to implement a comprehensive monitoring scheme.  To this purpose, the capacity of ocean colour imagery to complete the conventional in situ data set collected in coastal networks have been evaluated. Satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration is obtained by the application of a coastal Look-Up-Table to water-leaving radiance of the different Instrument Sensor (SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS) for the 1998– 2014 period.  For more than 15 years now, satellite-derived and in situ chlorophyll-a concentrations (in situ data of the French monitoring networks Ifremer REPHY and SOMLIT/CNRS) have been compared at more than 20 representative stations of different water bodies. These comparisons show that the satellite products are reliable in most of the situations studied and throughout the seasons. These results have also been confirmed by users of the satellite data operating in the coastal waters of the Northern Western Shelf within MarCoast1&2 (ESA), ECOOP (UE) …  Satellite imagery is used to classify the coastal waters for the eutrophication risk criterion of the WFD. This classification is made according to the percentile-90 of chlorophyll-a calculated during the productive season, from March to October.

2. 2 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union The REPHY is fully dedicated to the monitoring of the phytoplankton Observation and Monitoring Network for Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins Geographical area : the whole coast of France + French overseas islands Implemented by Ifremer since 1984 Two objectives -environmental : long term time- series for phytoplankton populations -sanitary : monitoring of toxic phytoplankton The 2main monitoring networks in France -RESOMAR (INSU/CNRS) : RESeau des Stations et Observatoires MArins -REPHY (Ifremer): REseau d'Observation et de Surveillance du PHYtoplancton et des Phycotoxines

3. 3 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union REPHY and SOMLIT in situ-reference station for MODIS and MERIS calibration The 28 selected stations 3 environmental satellite-derived and validated parameters : Chl-a, SPM and Turbidity

4. 4 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union CHLOROPHYLL-a MODIS 2003-2009 Extract of the « Atlas de la Température, de la concentration en Chlorophylle et de la Turbidité de surface du plateau continental français et de ses abords de l’Ouest européen. » DCSMM report Ifremer january 2011. http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00057/16840/14306.pdf Validation with in-situ data

5. 5 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union CHLOROPHYLL-a MERIS 2007-2009 Extract of: Joint use of satellite and in situ data for coastal monitoring. Special edition of Ocean Science for ECOOP. http://www.ocean-sci.net/7/705/2011/os-7-705-2011.pdf Validation with in-situ data MEAN P90

6. 6 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union Turbidity MODIS and MERIS Extract of the « Atlas de la Température, de la concentration en Chlorophylle et de la Turbidité de surface du plateau continental français et de ses abords de l’Ouest européen. » DCSMM report Ifremer January 2011. Validation with in-situ data

7. 7 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union Monitoring for the WFD (Water Framework Directive) Indicators of the phytoplankton quality Biomass (Chl-a), Abundance (number of blooms), Harmful blooms The quality indicator for the biomass is the percentile 90 of the Chl-a during the productive period (March to October) Ecological Status HighGoodModeratePoorBad Level of the P90 chl-a (mg.m -3 ) 0 – 55 – 1010 – 2020 – 40> 40 Ecological Status HighGoodModeratePoorBad Level of the P90 chl-a (mg.m -3 ) 0 – 55 – 1010 – 2020 – 40> 40

8. 8 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union Limits of the WFD water bodies The best contribution of the satellite is clearly the spatial coverage

9. 9 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union New P90 maps on marine regions are provided for the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive

10. 10 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union 15 july The bloom starts on the stratified area observed on the Sea Surface Temperature map of July 19th + 2 sea samples are collected and analysed by CEFAS >1 million de cells/L 22 july + The fisheries Department of the states of Guernsey is alerted on July 19 th 19 july Monitoring of Harmful Algal Blooms (here Karenia mikimotoi) Example of the 2010 summer Bloom in the western channel

11. 11 Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union © Acri-st, all rights reserved – 2014 Satellite-derived data for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union Observations of the biodiversity and the Harmful Algal blooms 4 dinoflagellates are simultaneously blooming on August 2012 The blooms of L. chlorophorum (1) and K. mikimotoi can be identified from space. Lepidodinium chlorophorum 1 Karenia mikimotoi 3 2 Alexandrium minutum Ostreopsis ovata 4 A new project of participatory science Phenomer will also make use of satellite data http://www.phenomer.org/