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Name Resolution Domain Name System
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Learning Objectives Provide an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) Describe the features of DNS in Windows 2000 Install the DNS server Configure a DNS server Create resource records manually Configure a client to use DNS Manage, monitor, and troubleshoot DNS
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DNS Overview Host names DNS
Simple names used as aliases for IP addresses DNS Hierarchical naming system used to resolve host name to IP address mapping Contains resource records Primary name resolution method in Windows 2000 Host files and DNS perform the task of translating from names (host names) to IP addresses
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Host Files Text files that contain host name to IP address mapping
Used to perform host name to IP address resolution Precursor to the DNS system Without host name resolution, users cannot access Internet or intranet resources via Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)
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Ways to Perform Host Name to IP Address Resolution
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DNS Structure Root-level domain Top-level domains Second-level domains
Represented by a period Usually not shown on FQDN Top-level domains Second-level domains Subdomains Individual hosts
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DNS Hierarchical Structure
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Top-level Domains Organizational domains created by designers of the Internet to simplify the naming and logical structure of the DNS namespace
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Second-level Domains and Subdomains
Where companies register their names with a name registration company Gives the company authority to create subdomains to further divide the domain namespace
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DNS Zones Zone of authority DNS zone
Portion of the DNS namespace that an organization controls DNS zone Portion of the DNS namespace that can be administered as a single unit Each zone has a primary name server that holds the DNS zone file
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DNS Zones Primary name servers Secondary name servers
Hold a read/write copy of the zone file Secondary name servers DNS servers configured to hold a read-only copy of the primary name server’s DNS zone file All networks should minimally have a primary and a secondary DNS name server
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DNS Servers Can be configured as caching-only servers
Hold two types of DNS zones: Forward lookup zones (host name to IP address mapping) Reverse lookup zones (IP address to host name mappings)
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DNS System Roles available to computers in DNS system
DNS servers that answer client requests DNS resolvers; clients that initiate requests Types of requests or queries Recursive: DNS client to DNS server Iterative: DNS server to DNS server Inverse: Find a host name from a Known IP address
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Resource Records Used within the actual zone files to point to particular resources such as hosts, mail exchangers, and name servers
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Resource Records continued
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Resource Records
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Windows 2000 DNS Supports incremental zone transfers
Primary DNS servers send just the changes in the DNS database to a secondary server; conserves network bandwidth Supports dynamic DNS as defined in RFC 2136 Allows clients to register DNS information automatically with a DNS server Supports dynamic registration of clients that do not support DDNS through use of a service such as the Windows 2000 DHCP service
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Installing DNS Service
Prerequisites Static IP address Subnet mask Default gateway Set the domain name suffix on the server
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Setting the Domain Name Suffix on the Server
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Installing DNS Service
Use Optional Networking Components, accessible via the Advance menu in Network and Dial-up Connections
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Installing DNS Service
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Installing DNS Service
Double-click Networking Services in the Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard and select the DNS service DNS management console is added to the Administrative Tools folder
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Installing DNS Service
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Configuring Zones for Dynamic Updates
By default, standard zones on Windows 2000 DNS servers do not support dynamic registration
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Configuring Zones for Dynamic Updates
Once configured to accept dynamic updates, all zones can allow Windows 2000 computers to create their own A records If your network uses DHCP, you can configure DHCP servers to register PTR records for Windows 2000 clients and A and PTR records for non-Windows 2000 clients
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Configuring Zones for Dynamic Updates
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Creating Resource Records Manually
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DNS Client Configuration
For clients with static IP addresses Manually configure a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server in TCP/IP properties DNS configuration tab for Windows 95/98 clients For DHCP clients Configure DNS options for the scope that the client will obtain an IP address from
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Basic Manual DNS Configuration for Windows 2000 Clients
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Troubleshooting DNS Use nslookup from the command prompt
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Easy IP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Learning Objectives Describe the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) Describe the dynamic IP leasing process Configure a client to use DHCP Install the DHCP server service Configure scopes within the DHCP server service continued
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Learning Objectives Define and create scope options
Authorize a DHCP server in Active Directory Configure DHCP for integration with DNS Manage, monitor, and troubleshoot DHCP
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Overview of DHCP Provides an easy way for network administrators to provide IP addressing information for network clients Reduces the work associated with moving clients between subnets DHCP server service can be used to create a pool of IP addresses known as scopes that can be dynamically assigned to clients Options can include default gateway address, or a DNS and a WINS server address
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DHCP Lease Process Discover Offer Request Acknowledgment
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Step 1: DHCPDiscover
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Step 2: DHCPOffer
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Step 3: DHCPRequest
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Step 3: DHCPRequest
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Step 4: DHCPAcknowledgment
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DHCP Renewal Process
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Configuring a Windows 2000 Server with the DHCP Server Service
Configure a static IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway on the server Install the DHCP server service Create scopes and, if needed Create and specify options on a server Authorize the DHCP server in Active Directory
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Client Configuration for DHCP
Any client that supports a standard implementation of DHCP can obtain an IP address from a Windows 2000 DHCP server To configure Windows clients, specify that they obtain an IP address automatically by accessing the Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) properties found under Local Area Connections properties
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Client Configuration for DHCP
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Installing the DHCP Server Service
Minimum requirements Windows 2000 server machine configured with a static IP address, subnet mask, and, on networks with multiple subnets or networks, a default gateway Range of addresses that can be used to create scopes (ranges of IP addresses configured for lease to clients via DHCP) Active Directory installed and configured to allow DHCP servers to be authorized in AD
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Installing the DHCP Server Service
Many ways to install DHCP One of the easiest ways is to access Network and Dial-up connections via the Start menu or right-click on My Network Places and select Properties
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Installing DHCP
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Installing DHCP
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Installing DHCP Common problem on networks attempting to implement DHCP: routers do not pass broadcasts Solutions Configure a router to pass DHCP traffic, using the command: IP Helper-Address followed by the IP address of the DHCP server command Place second DHCP server on same segment as the client
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Router Blocking DHCPDiscover Packets
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Configuring a DHCP Server per Physical Segment
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Configuring Scopes
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Items in the New Scope Wizard
Name and Description IP Address range Subnet mask Add Exclusions Lease duration Configure DHCP Options
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Main Options Used with DHCP
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DHCP and Active Directory
Create a DHCP object within Active Directory to validate DHCP servers Requirements All DHCP servers must run Windows 2000 First DHCP server in your network must be installed as either a domain controller or member server
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Integrating DHCP and DNS
You can configure DHCP to create Dynamic DNS entries for clients that do not support DDNS Helps with support of legacy, non-DDNS aware clients Windows clients can register their own A records but they still rely on the DHCP server to create reverse lookup records
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Integrating DHCP and DNS
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Troubleshooting DHCP Misconfigured scopes or options
Use ipconfig/all command to verify client settings and information Change options within the DHCP snap-in A stopped DHCP server service Use the net start dhcpserver command continued
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Troubleshooting DHCP A scope that has run out of addresses
Decrease length of lease for the scope Increase range of addresses in the scope Renumber entire scope with new, larger range of addresses Remove some clients from overcrowded network segment An improperly configured network Place a DHCP server on each subnet Implement DHCP forwarding on subnets without DHCP servers
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