1. Balancing and Writing Equations http://branthansen.typepad.com/photos/uncategorize d/2008/02/27/spaniel_balancing_stuff_2.jpg

2. Chemical Reactions A basic definition of a chem rxn is: The rearrangement of atoms If it is there at the start, it is there at the end It is substance(s) changing into different substances

3. A chemical reaction The reactants (eggs, flour, etc.) have changed and are no longer eggs, flour, etc. There is a new substances called a product http://www.unicef.org/influenzaresources/files/cartoon_chicken(2).jpg

4. An Example Eggs, flour, sugar, baking soda, and oil all in various amounts combine together to form Cake! http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://weblogs.variety.com/photos/new_york_wedding_cakes/cake2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://weblogs.variety.com/photos/new_york _wedding_cakes/cake2.html&usg=__wN3Fxd32xlwVDGfkpXYiSHJvuGQ=&h=405&w=300&sz=13&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=- 0s3tNTPfi5nHM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcake%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive

5. How do we write these? We write these reactions with + signs and  signs. Eggs + Flour + Baking Soda + Sugar  Cake Be Careful! The eggs, flour, etc. are not the same. They don’t exist anymore!!!! http://www.smilesmadeeasy.com/weddings.html

6. Here is an Example Notice the motion

7. Evidence of Chemical Reactions Visual Clues A. Color changes B. Formation of a solid (precipitate) C. Flame occurs D. Bubbles are produced (gas) Temperature changes A. Heat is produced (exothermic) B. Heat is absorbed (endothermic)

8. Phases In most cases, phases must also be written. You should always include symbols for reactions you observe in the laboratory! Three common phases: Solid ex: Cu (s) Liquid ex: H 2 O (l) Gas ex: Cl 2(g)

9. Weird Phases These are solutions –Plasma (not common) –AqueousNaCl (aq) Made of water and something dissolved in water What is the difference between Cu and Cu +2 ?

10. What does a solution look like? To the naked eye it looks like a liquid, but upon closer inspection it is many substances mixed together See an exampleexample http://www.artuproar.com/uploads/9674/alien-eye.html

11. Another Example Hydrogen gas combined with oxygen gas will produce dihydrogen monoxide liquid H 2 + O 2  H 2 O

12. Let’s look back at the Help Pages Help Pages http://www.rednoise.org/pdal/index.php?n=Main.Questions

13. BUT, matter is always conserved, atoms must be conserved!!!!!!!! In order to make water, there needs to be 2 hydrogen molecules for every 1 oxygen molecule. 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2 H 2 O(l)

14. To correctly write and balance an equation: 1. Formulas MUST be correct 2. There must be the same number of each kind of atom on each side of the arrow. This is done by using coefficients (numbers in front of a formula). 3. Do not change formulas to balance atoms!! 4. Follow a trial and error process. Balance each species one at a time. Be prepared to erase!! BALANCING

16. Balancing simple equations K + Cl 2  KCl Fe + O 2  Fe 2 O 3 LiCl  Li + Cl 2 NaN 3  Na + N 2

17. NiO + Al  Al 2 O 3 + Ni C 4 H 8 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O Ag 2 O  Ag + O 2 B 2 O 3 + Mg  B + MgO KBr + Cl 2  KCl + Br 2

18. Balancing Reactions containing polyatomic atoms Example Li 3 PO 4 + MgCO 3  Li 2 CO 3 + Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 1.Keep the polyatomic ions together on both sides 2.Balance the metal ions first, or if they are balanced, the polyatomic ions first, metals last If your formulas are correct, the equation should balanced

19. Balance: Cu + AgNO 3  Ag + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 NaI + Pb(NO 3 ) 2  NaNO 3 + PbI 2 Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 + K 2 CO 3  CaCO 3 + KCH 3 COO

20. Water is decomposed by electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases through a process called electrolysis. When copper(II)chloride is dissolved in water and reacts with aluminum metal, copper metal and an aluminum chloride solution is produced. Word Equations (writing equations from observations)

21. Lead(II)nitrate solution reacts with sodium sulfate solution to produce lead(II)sulfate solid and sodium nitrate solution. Aluminum iodide solution reacts with lithium hydroxide solution to produce aluminum hydroxide solid and lithium iodide solution.

22. tetracarbon decahydride (butane) gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Ammonia gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen gas and liquid water.

23. Remember the following: 1.Diatomic elements (BrINClHOF) [hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas AND all halogens in their elemental form] 2.The formulas and charges of the polyatomic ions SulfateAcetate NitrateCarbonate HydroxideAmmonium

24. Questions?