1. Chapter 1 Basic C++ Programming
Data Structures and Algorithms in C++  Michael T. Goodrich Roberto Tamassia David M. Mount
Chapter 1
Basic C++ Programming

2. Contents 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements 1.2 Expressions
Control Flow
Functions
Classes
C++ Program and File Organization
Writing a C++ Program
Exercises

3. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
1.1.1 A Simple C++ Program #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> /* Inputs two numbers and outputs their sum */ int main( ) { int x , y; std::cout << “Please enter two numbers: “; std::cin >> x >> y; // inputs x and y int sum = x + y; // compute their sum std::cout << “Their sum is “ << sum << std::endl; return EXIT_SUCCESS; // terminates successfully }

4. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
1.1.2 Fundamental Types bool Boolean value, either true or false char character short, int, long short, normal, long integer float, double single-, double- precision floating-point number void nothing enum enum Color {RED, GREEN, BLUE}

5. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Pointers char ch = ‘Q’; char* p = &ch; cout << *p; ch = ‘Z’;

6. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Arrays double f[3]; double* p[10]; f[2] = 25.3; p[4] = &f[2]; cout << *p[4];

7. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Strings
#include <string>
using std::string;
//…
string s = “to be”;
string t = “not “ + s;
string u = s + “ or “ + t;
if (s > t)
cout << u;

8. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
C-Stype Structures
enum MealType { NO_PREF, REGULAR, LOW_FAT, VEGETARIAN };
struct Passenger {
string name;
MealType mealPref;
bool isFreqFlyer;
string freqFlyerNo; };

9. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Pointers, Dynamic Memory, and the “new” Operator Passenger *p; //… p = new Passenger; p ->name = “Pocahontas”; p ->mealPref = REGULAR; p ->isFreqFlyer = false; p ->freqFlyerNo = “NONE”;

10. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
1.1.4 Scope and Namespaces Constants and Typedef const int CUT_OFF[ ] = {90, 80, 70, 60}; const int N_DAYS = 7; const int N_HOURS = 24*N_DAYS; int counter [N_HOURS];

11. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
typedef char* BufferPtr;
typedef double Coordinate;
BufferPtr p;
Coordinate x, y;

12. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Local and Global Scopes
const int cat = 1;
int main ( ) {
const int cat = 2;
cout << cat;
return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
int dog = cat;

13. 1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements
Namespaces namespace myglobals { int cat; string dog = “bow wow”; } The Using Statement using std::string; using std::cout; using namespace myglobals;

14. 1.2 Expressions
Member Selection and lndexing class_name . member class/structure member selection pointer -> member class/structure member selection array [exp] array subscripting

15. 1.2 Expressions
Arithmetic Operators exp + exp addition exp – exp subtraction exp * exp multiplication exp / exp division exp % exp modulo(remainder)

16. 1.2 Expressions
Increment and Decrement Operators var ++ post increment var - - post decrement ++ var pre increment - - var pre decrement

17. 1.2 Expressions Relational and Logical Operators
exp < exp less than
exp > exp greater than
exp <= exp less than or equal
exp >= exp greater than or equal
exp == exp equal to
exp != exp not equal to
! exp logical not
exp && exp logical and
exp || exp logical or

18. 1.2 Expressions
Bitwise Operators ~ exp bitwise complement exp & exp bitwise and exp ^ exp bitwise exclusibe-or exp | exp bitwise or exp1 << exp2 shift exp1 left by exp2 bits exp1 >> exp2 shift exp1 right by exp2 bits

19. 1.2 Expressions Assignment Operators int i = 10; int j = 5; int k = 1;
string s = “yes”;
i - = 4;
j *= -2;
k <<= 1;
s += “ or no”;

20. 1.2 Expressions
class_name::member namespace_name::member bool_exp ? True_exp : false_exp stream >> var stream << exp

21. 1.2 Expressions
1.2.1 Casting in Expressions Traditional C-Style Casting int cat = 14; double dog = (double) cat; double pig = double(cat);

22. 1.2 Expressions
Static Casting Static_cast < <desired_type> > ( <expression> ); double d1 = 3.2; double d2 = ; int i1 = static_cast<int>(d1); int i2 = static_cast<int>(d2);

23. 1.2 Expressions
Implicit Casting int = 3; double d = 4.8; double d3 = i / d; int i3 = d3;

24. 1.3 Control Flow
If Statement if (<boolean_exp>) <true_statement> [else if (<boolean_exp>) <else_if_statement>] [else <else_statement>]

25. 1.3 Control Flow Switch Statement char command; cin >> command;
switch (command){
case ‘I’ :
editlnsert();
break;
case ‘D’ :
editDelete();
case ‘R’ :
editReplace();
default :
cout << “Unrecognized command\n”; }

26. 1.3 Control Flow
While and Do_While Loops while (<boolean_expression>) <loop_body_statement> do while ( <boolean_expression> )

27. 1.3 Control Flow
For Loop for ( [<initialization>]; [<condition>]; [<increment>] ) <body_statement> const int NUM_ELEMENTS = 100; float a[NUM_ELEMENTS]; //… for (int i = 0 ; i < NUM_ELEMENTS; i++) { if (a[i] > 0 ) { cout << a[i] << ‘\n’ ;} }

28. 1.3 Control Flow
Break and Continue Statements int sum = 0; while (true) { int x; cin >> x; if ( x < 0 ) break; sum += x; } cout << “Sum is “ << x << ‘\n’;

29. 1.4 Fuctions
bool evenSum(int a[ ], int n ); int main( ) { const int listLength = 6; int list[ listLength ] = {4, 2, 7, 8, 5, 6}; bool result = evenSum( list, listLength); if (result) cout << “even sum. \n”; else cout << “odd sum. \n”; return EXIT_SUCCESS; } bool evenSum( int a[ ], int n) { int sum = 0; for ( int i = 0 ; I < n ; i++ ) sum += a[ i ]; return (sum % 2 ) == 0;

30. 1.4 Fuctions 1.4.1 Argument Passing void f(int value, int &ref) {
cout << value << ‘\n’;
cout << ref << ‘\n’; }
int main( ) {
int cat = 1;
int dog = 5;
f(cat, dog);
cout << cat << ‘\n’;
cout << dog << ‘\n’;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;

31. 1.4 Fuctions
1.4.2 Overloading Function Overloading void print( int x ) { cout << x; } void print( const Passenger &pass) { cout << pass.name << “ “ << pass.mealPref; if ( pass.isFreqFlyer ) { cout << “ “ << pass.freqFlyerNo; }

32. 1.4 Fuctions
Operator Overloading bool operator == ( const Passenger &x, const Passenger &y ) { return x.name == y.name && x.mealPref == y.mealPref && x.isFreqFlyer == y.isFreqFlyer && x.FreqFlyerNo == y.FreqFlyerNo }

33. 1.4 Fuctions
Using Overloading ostream& operator << (ostream &out, const Passenger &pass) { out << pass.name << “ “ << pass.mealPref; if ( pass.isFreqFlyer ) { out << “ “ << pass.freqFlyerNo; } return out;

34. 1.5 Classes 1.5.1 Class Structure class Passerger { private:
string name;
MealType mealPref;
bool isFreqflyer;
string freqFlyerNo;
public:
//…
Passenger( );
bool isFrequentFlyer( ) const
{ return isFreqFlyer; }
void makeFrequentFlyer(const string& newFreqFlyerNo){
isFreqFlyer = true;
freqFlyerNo = newFreqFlyerNo; }
} ;

35. 1.5 Classes
1.5.2 Constructors class Passenger { private: //… public: Passenger( ); Passenger( const string &nm, MealType mpref, string ffn = “NONE” ); passenger( const Passenger &pass) ; };

36. 1.5 Classes 1.5.2 Destructors class Vect { private: int* theVect;
int vectSize;
public:
Vect( int size = 10) {
vectSize = size;
theVect = new int[ size ]; }
//…
~Vect( )
{ delete [ ] theVect; }
} ;

37. 1.5 Classes Vect a(100); Vect b = a; Vect c; c = a;
Classes and Memory Allocation
Vect a(100);
Vect b = a;
Vect c;
c = a;

38. 1.5 Classes
Vect::Vect (const Vect &a) { vectsize = a.vectSize; theVect = new int[ vectSize ]; for (int i = 0; i < vectSize; i++ ) { theVect[i] = a.theVect[i]; }

39. 1.5 Classes
Vect& Vect::operator = (const Vect &a) { if (this != &a) { delete [ ] theVect; vectSize = a.vectSize; theVect = new int[ vectSize ]; for (int i = 0; i < vectSize ; i++ ) { theVect[ i ] = a.theVect[ i ]; } return *this;

40. 1.5 Classes 1.5.4 Class Friends and Class Members class SomeClass {
private:
int secret;
public:
//…
friend ostream& operator <<
(ostream &out, const SomeClass &x); };
ostream& operator <<(ostream &out, const SomeClass &x);
{ cout << x.secret; }

41. 1.5 Classes class Complex { private: class Node { //… };
Nesting Classes and Types within Classes
class Complex {
private:
class Node {
//… };

42. 1.5 Classes
1.5.5 The Standard Template Library stack Container with last-in, first-out access queue Container with first-in, first-out access deque Double-ended queue vector Resizeable array list Doubly linked list set Set map Associative array ( dictionary) priority_queue Queue orderde by value

43. 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
CreditCard.h
#ifndef CREDIT_CARD_H
#define CREDIT_CARD_H
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using std::string;
class CreditCard {
private:
string number;
string name;
int limit;
double balance;

44. 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
public: CreditCard(string no, string nm, int lim, double bal=0); string getNumber() const { return number; } string getName() const { return name; } double getBalance() const { return balance; } int getLimit() const { return limit; } bool chargeIt(double price); void makePayment(double payment) { balance -= payment; } }; std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const CreditCard& c); #endif

45. 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
CreditCard.cpp
#include "CreditCard.h“
CreditCard::CreditCard(string no, string nm, int lim, double bal) {
number = no;
name = nm;
balance = bal;
limit = lim; }
bool CreditCard::chargeIt(double price) {
if (price + balance > double(limit))
return false;
balance += price;
return true;

46. 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const CreditCard& c) { out << "Number = " << c.getNumber() << "\n" << "Name = " << c.getName() << "\n" << "Balance = " << c.getBalance() << "\n" << "Limit = " << c.getLimit() << "\n"; return out; }

47. 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
TestCard.cpp
#include <vector>
#include "CreditCard.h“
using namespace std;
void testCard() {
vector<CreditCard*> wallet(10);
wallet[0] = new CreditCard(" ", "John Bowman", 2500);
wallet[1] = new CreditCard(" ", "John Bowman", 3500);
wallet[2] = new CreditCard(" ", "John Bowman", 5000);
for (int j=1; j <= 16; j++) {
wallet[0]->chargeIt(double(j));
wallet[1]->chargeIt(2 * j);
wallet[2]->chargeIt(double(3 * j)); }

48. 1.6 C++ Program and File Organization
cout << "Card payments:\n"; for (int i=0; i < 3; i++) { cout << *wallet[i]; while (wallet[i]->getBalance() > 100.0) { wallet[i]->makePayment(100.0); cout << "New balance = " << wallet[i]->getBalance() << "\n"; } cout << "\n"; delete wallet[i]; int main() { testCard(); return EXIT_SUCCESS;

49. 1.7 Writing a C++ Program Design Responsibility Independence Behaviors
Coding
Readability and Style
Testing and Debugging

50. 1.8 Exercises
R-1.1
R-1.2
R-1.4
R-1.10
R-1.12