1. September 7, 2015 1 September 7, 2015September 7, 2015September 7, 2015 Azusa, CA Sheldon X. Liang Ph. D. Computer Science at Azusa Pacific University Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ CS400 Compiler Construction

2. Be able to build a compiler for a (simplified) (programming) language Know how to use compiler construction tools, such as generators of scanners and parsers Be familiar with virtual machines, such as the JVM and Java bytecode Be able to define LL(1), LR(1), and LALR(1) grammars Be familiar with compiler analysis and optimization techniques … learn how to work on a larger software project! September 7, 2015 2 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/Objectives CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

3. “Compilation” –Translation of a program written in a source language into a semantically equivalent program written in a target language Compiler Error messages Source Program Target Program Input Output September 7, 2015 3 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ Compilers and Interpreters CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

4. Interpreter Source Program Input Output Error messages “Interpretation” –Performing the operations implied by the source program September 7, 2015 4 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction Compilers and Interpreters

5. There are two parts to compilation: –Analysis determines the operations implied by the source program which are recorded in a tree structure –Synthesis takes the tree structure and translates the operations therein into the target program September 7, 2015 5 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ The Analysis-Synthesis Model of Compilation CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

6. Editors (syntax highlighting) Pretty printers (e.g. Doxygen) Static checkers (e.g. Lint and Splint) Interpreters Text formatters (e.g. TeX and LaTeX) Silicon compilers (e.g. VHDL) Query interpreters/compilers (Databases) September 7, 2015 6 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction Other Tools that Use Analysis-Synthesis Model

7. Preprocessor Compiler Assembler Linker Skeletal Source Program Source Program Target Assembly Program Relocatable Object Code Absolute Machine Code Libraries and Relocatable Object Files Try for example: gcc -v myprog.c September 7, 2015 7 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ Preprocessors, Compilers, Assemblers, and Linkers CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

8. PhaseOutputSample Programmer (source code producer)Source string A=B+C; Scanner (performs lexical analysis)Token string ‘A’, ‘=’, ‘B’, ‘+’, ‘C’, ‘;’ And symbol table with names Parser (performs syntax analysis based on the grammar of the programming language) Parse tree or abstract syntax tree ; | = / \ A + / \ B C Semantic analyzer (type checking, etc) Annotated parse tree or abstract syntax tree Intermediate code generatorThree-address code, quads, or RTL int2fp B t1 + t1 C t2 := t2 A OptimizerThree-address code, quads, or RTL int2fp B t1 + t1 #2.3 A Code generatorAssembly code MOVF #2.3,r1 ADDF2 r1,r2 MOVF r2,A Peephole optimizerAssembly code ADDF2 #2.3,r2 MOVF r2,A The Phases of a Compiler

9. Compiler front and back ends: –Front end: analysis (machine independent) –Back end: synthesis (machine dependent) Compiler passes: –A collection of phases is done only once (single pass) or multiple times (multi pass) Single pass: usually requires everything to be defined before being used in source program Multi pass: compiler may have to keep entire program representation in memory September 7, 2015 9 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ The Grouping of Phases CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

10. Software development tools are available to implement one or more compiler phases –Scanner generators –Parser generators –Syntax-directed translation engines –Automatic code generators –Data-flow engines September 7, 2015 10 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ Compiler-Construction Tools CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

11. Ch. 1: Introduction Walkthrough: a Miniature Compiler Ch. 2: A simple One-Pass Compiler for the JVM Technology: Analysis and Methods Ch. 3: Lexical Analysis and Lex/Flex Ch. 4: Syntax Analysis and Yacc/Bison Front-end: Intermediate Code Generation Ch. 5: Syntax-Directed Definition and Translation Ch. 6: Intermediate Code Generation Back-end: Object Code Generation Ch. 8: Code Generation Advanced topics: Runtime and Parallelism Env. Ch. 7: Run-Time Environments Ch.11: Optimization for parallelism September 7, 2015 11 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/Outline CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction

12. Thank you very much! Questions? September 7, 2015 12 Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA 91702, Tel: (800) 825-5278 Department of Computer Science, http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/http://www.apu.edu/clas/computerscience/ CS@APU: CS400 Compiler Construction Introduction to Compiler