1. Development of the Periodic Table

2. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table "...if all the elements be arranged in order of their atomic weights a periodic repetition of properties is obtained." - Mendeleyev

3. Dmitri Mendeleev Russian Invented periodic table Organized elements by properties Arranged elements by atomic mass Predicted existence of several unknown elements Element 101 Dmitri Mendeleev

4. Dmitri Mendeléev

5. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Period 1 Group I IIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII H = 1 2 Li = 7Be= 9.4B = 11C = 12N = 14O = 16F = 19 3 Na = 23Mg = 24Al = 27.3Si = 28P = 31S = 32C = 35.5 4 K = 39Ca = 40? = 44Ti = 48V = 51Cr = 52Mn = 55 Fe =56, Co = 59, Ni = 59 5 Cu = 63Zn = 65? = 68? = 72As = 75Se = 78Br = 80 6 Rb = 85Sr = 87? Yt = 88Zr = 90Nb = 94Mo = 96? = 100 Ru= 104, Rh = 104, Pd = 106 7 Ag = 108Cd = 112In = 113Sn = 118Sb = 122Te = 125J = 127 8 Cs = 133Ba = 137?Di = 138?Ce = 140 9 10 ?Er = 178?La = 180Ta = 182W = 184 Os = 195, Ir = 197, Pt = 198 11 Au = 199Hg = 200Tl = 204Pb = 207Bi = 208 12 Th = 231U = 240

6. Mendeleev’s Early Periodic Table GRUPPE I GRUPPE II GRUPPE III GRUPPE IV GRUPPE V GRUPPE VI GRUPPE VII GRUPPE VIII ___ ___ ___ ___ RH 4 RH 3 RH 2 RH R 2 O RO R 2 O 3 RO 2 R 2 O 5 RO 3 R 2 O 7 RO 4 REIHEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie From Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, VIII, Supplementary Volume for 1872, p. 151. H = 1 Li = 7 Be = 9.4 B = 11 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16 F = 19 Na = 23 Mg = 24 Al = 27.3 Si = 28 P = 31 S = 32 Cl = 35.5 K = 39 Ca = 40 __ = 44 Ti = 48 V = 51 Cr = 52 Mn = 55 Fe = 56, Co = 59, Ni = 59, Cu = 63 (Cu = 63) Zn = 65 __ = 68 __ = 72 As = 75 Se = 78 Br = 80 Rb = 85 Sr = 87 ? Yt = 88 Zr = 90 Nb = 94 Mo = 96 __ = 100 Ru = 104, Rh = 104, Pd = 106, Ag = 108 (Ag = 108) Cd = 112 In = 113 Sn = 118 Sb = 122 Te = 125 J = 127 Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ? Di = 138 ? Ce = 140 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ( __ ) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ? Er = 178 ? La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184 __ Os = 195, Ir = 197, Pt = 198, Au = 199 (Au = 199) Hg = 200 Tl= 204 Pb = 207 Bi = 208 __ __ __ __ __ Th = 231 __ U = 240 __ __ __ __ __ TABELLE II ? ? ?

7. Elements Properties are Predicted PropertyMendeleev’s Predictions in 1871Observed Properties Molar Mass Oxide formula Density of oxide Solubility of oxide Scandium (Discovered in 1877) 44 g M 2 O 3 3.5 g / ml Dissolves in acids 43.7 g Sc 2 O 3 3.86 g / ml Dissolves in acids Molar mass Density of metal Melting temperature Oxide formula Solubility of oxide Gallium (Discovered in 1875) 68 g 6.0 g / ml Low M 2 O 3 Dissolves in ammonia solution 69.4 g 5.96 g / ml 30 0 C Ga 2 O 3 Dissolves in ammonia Molar mass Density of metal Color of metal Melting temperature Oxide formula Density of oxide Chloride formula Density of chloride Boiling temperature of chloride Germanium (Discovered in 1886) 72 g 5.5 g / ml Dark gray High MO 2 4.7 g / ml MCl 4 1.9 g / ml Below 100 o C 71.9 g 5.47 g / ml Grayish, white 900 0 C GeO 2 4.70 g / ml GeCl 4 1.89 g / ml 86 0 C O’Connor Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 119,

8. Modern Periodic Table

9. Periodic Table of the Elements Li 3 He 2 C6C6 N7N7 O8O8 F9F9 Ne 10 Na 11 B5B5 Be 4 H1H1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  

10. Modern Periodic Table Henry G.J. Moseley Determined the atomic numbers of elements from their X -ray spectra (1914) Arranged elements by increasing atomic number Killed in WW I at age 28 (Battle of Gallipoli in Turkey) 1887 - 1915

11. Introduction to the Periodic Table Elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, in order of increasing atomic number from left to right and from top to bottom. Rows are called periods and are numbered from 1 to 7. Elements with similar chemical properties form vertical columns, called families, which are numbered from 1 to 18. Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 are the main group elements. Groups 3 through 12 are in the middle of the periodic table and are the transition elements. The two rows of 14 elements at the bottom of the periodic table are the lanthanides and actinides.