1. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Session Objectives#5 MUST identify different buses and registers used in a CPU SHOULD describe the use of buses to send information around the CPU. COULD explain the need for and use of registers during the fetch decode execute cycle Create solutions to the LMC assignments

2. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Visit the following site and follow the simulations of the Fetch-Execute cycle using the Little Man Computer (LMC) http://www.cs.ru.nl/~erikpoll/III/dag4.html This is an interpretation of how a processor handles machine code. TASK: Follow the instructions and create a flow diagram of where the Little Man goes to throughout the Fetch Execute Cycle. REMEMBER: Instructions are split into 2 parts, the instruction (+,-, x, store etc) and the data itself (or memory location/address of where the data to be used is stored) 1) The Op Code (or Operation Code Field) is part of the binary code giving the instruction to be carried out i.e add or jump 2) The Operand (Operand Field or address field) gives the address (memory location) where the data to be used in the operation is stored. Machine Code with The Little Man Computer

3. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Little Man Code Library CODEMEANING 1abLoad 2abStore 3abAdd 4abSubtract 500Input 600Output 700Stop 800Skip If Negative 801Skip If Zero 802If Skip Positive 9ABJump Beware: the Little Man 0 is a positive number, so the instruction 802 is actually Skip if Non-negative.

4. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Little Man Which parts of the processor does each LCM item belong to?

5. A-Level Computing#BristolMet System Block Diagram

6. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Little Man Machine Code Tasks Assignments 1. Create a simple that will add any 2 numbers and display the results. 2. Create a simple programs that will calculate the perimeter of any rectangle. 3. Create a program using the LMC to allow the input of 2 integer values and then order them to output the largest value first and then the smallest RGB conversion SW 4. Colors of a pixel on a color are often represented with three values ​​ (r, g, b) that the red, green and blue value display. Grayscale on a monochrome display are represented by only one gray value. Choose a program that adds three inputs and divide by three, and so rgb values ​​ to the grayscale.

7. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Flow Chart to LMC Assignment 1 Input A Store A Add BLoad A Store B Input B Output Result START END

8. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Coded Solution to Assignment 00 500 01 299 02 500 03 298 04 199 05 398 06 600 INPUT A STORE Value A at memory location (address 99) INPUT B LOAD A ADD B OUTPUT Result STORE Value B at address 98

9. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Flow Chart Flow chart of solution to LMC Assignment 3

10. A-Level Computing#BristolMet More on Buses The signals being sent around the processor are again called buses. These components are the information highway for the CPU. Buses are bundles of tiny wires that carry data between components. The three most important buses are the address, the data, and the control buses. 3 buses you need to remember are: The Control Bus – The CU uses this to send commands to different parts of the processor or devices in the computer, for requesting a disk drive to read or write. The Address Bus – carries the location address to where the data is going. The Data Bus – carries the actual data being used.

11. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Registers Know that we have a greater understanding of a processort and the Fetch-Execute cycle, we should now consider the CPU of being composed of five basic components: RAM, registers, buses, the ALU, and the Control Unit. Registers are special memory locations that can be accessed very fast. They keep a check on the progress of the instructions and data as it moves around the processor. Think of them as part of a logical operation rather than individual registers.

12. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Regsiters Program Counter (PC) – In the CU. Counts the instructions as they are carried out and increments by (+1). Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed(Instructions are always stored in order) Memory Address Register (MAR) –stores the address of the memory location currently in use, sent by the PC. Memory Data Register (MDR) – A copy of the instruction held in the MAR is stored here so that the memory unit and processor can work on it at the same time. Current Instruction Register (CIR) – the instruction now in the MDR is copied into the CIR. In here it can be spilt into 2 parts; 1 part is sent to be decoded so that the processor knows what the instruction is (and signals can be sent to other parts of the processor which may be required to carry out the instruction). The other part is an address stating whereabouts in the memory the required data is.

13. A-Level Computing#BristolMet Registers CIR continued... E.G if an instruction of ADD 20 is given it will be split into: ADD – ALU works out how to do an add 20 – is where the data to be added will be found (the address) The address will be sent back to the MAR Memory will be searched and whatever is in address ‘20’ will be copied into the MDR. The value in the MDR can then be used as per instructed by the CIR i.e Adding As the instruction is arithmetic it will be sent to the Accumulator (a special storage register with the ALU) to be carried out TASK: Create a flow diagram of how a processor would handle this instruction through it’s registers.

14. A-Level Computing#BristolMet CPU & Registers Indicate on the diagram below where the MAR and MDR would be positioned?