1. January 2010
Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity. Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities.

2. Concepts Processes Theories Models
Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity.
Concepts
Processes
Theories
Models
1.1
Range of hazards associated with Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volcanism
Earth Movement
Plate tectonics
The Dregg Disaster model
1.2
Event profile
3.1
Why people live in hazard zones
Occupancy
Disaster risk equation
3.2
Range of hazards
Plate Boundaries
Constructive, destructive, conservative
3.3
Impacts – range of scales and locations
3.4
Trends - frequency and impact
Park’s Hazard response model
4.1
Varying approaches to coping with hazards
4.2
Specific strategies

3. Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities.
hints at the type of supporting evidence needed, for example a range of areas / types/ strategies, and means a focus on the geographical places, case studies and examples illustrating these.
CASE STUDIES must be in contrasting areas and on a range of hazards: Know your 6 case studies to include 2 volcanic eruptions (1 LEDC 1 MEDC), 2 Earthquakes (1 MEDC, 1 LEDC) and 2 Tsunamis (1 LEDC 1 MEDC) with a BIG focus on IMPACTS. Identify contrasts in impacts on different types of communities i.e. urban/rural, MEDC/LEDC, levels of education, communities' perception of the hazards. IMPACTS should be not all negative - there are some positive impacts as well go back to "Why do people live in hazardous areas". (3.1)
Go to Slide 10

4. 3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time.
Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity.
N.B is a hyperlink
1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc).
1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent.
3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development.
3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity.
3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time.
4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development.
4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development.
Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities.
3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development.

5. Volcano Earthquake Refer to the table in you have already made Hazard
1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc).
Tectonic activity can produce a very large range of hazard events
Not all of these events are ‘disasters’
A natural hazard event becomes a disaster when the event causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population.
Refer to the table in you have already made
Volcano
Earthquake
Hazard
Example
Lava
Mauna Loa
Tsunami
Banda Aceh
Return to slide 4

6. The nature of the hazard creates the level of challenge
1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent.
Not all tectonic hazards are the same
Event profiles are a common way of comparing different hazards
In this example the 2004 Asian Tsunami and ongoing eruption of Kilauea on Hawaii are compared
Hazard profiles can be drawn for any event.
The nature of the hazard creates the level of challenge
Refer to the event profiles you have drawn for your 6 detailed case studies. Draw event profiles so you can compare and contrast your examples

7. Hazards x Vulnerability
3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development.
Living in areas of tectonic risk?
Ignorance of the risks and / or underestimation of risk
Inertia; always lived there
Nowhere else to go / lack of alternatives
Choice e.g. fertile farmland or tourism
Benefits of living in an tectonic Area – plus side of Volcanoes
Hazards x Vulnerability
__________
Risk Equation = Capacity
The risk of disaster grows as global hazards and people’s vulnerability increases, while their capacity to cope decreases.
Vulnerability Factors Wealth of the Individual; technical ability of the country; level of education; Age of person; Location (Rural Urban) (MDC / LDC) ; degree of exposure; migration of the poor to a hazard zone; Speed of onset; effectiveness of warning
Are more people at RISK ?
Population Growth 2. Land pressure 3. Urbanisation
4. Economic Growth more damage 5. Increase in reported disasters due to development of mass media and communications.

8. 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity.

9. 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity.
What factors determine the varied physical nature of the hazard
Frequency
Type of magma (viscosity)
Depth of Focus
Proximity to population centres
Type of Plate Boundary
Risk Perception
Explosiveness of eruption
Type of Fault
Quality and accuracy of Prediction and Forecast
Material ejected

10. Physical Social Economic
3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development.
Every hazard event is different, and therefore the specific impacts of disaster vary When researching case studies, it is important to be able to identify specific impacts and be able to explain these Some impacts are tangible and can be given a financial value. Others are intangible, such as the destruction of a temple or artwork.
Many losses are direct and immediate such as property damage, but others are indirect – these come later and are harder to quantify, such as stress and psychological damage.
Impacts are often considered as human (death, injury, illness), economic (property loss, loss of income, cost of relief effort) and physical (changes to landscape and topography).
Degree of Impact is affected by 1. Duration of hazard 2. Scale of Hazard 3. Frequency of Hazard and 4. Magnitude of hazard.
Impacts can vary geographically
There are significant differences between LEDC and MEDC countries. Generally, LEDC hazards are social in nature (Larger number of deaths) MEDC hazards are economic in nature.
Physical
Social
Economic
Go to Slide 11

11. Gains Losses Type of Impact
3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development.
Type of Impact
Losses
DIRECT
Death Physical damage
Injury
INDIRECT
Loss of employment Disease
Social economic disruption
Negative multiplier effect
Gains
Direct
Aid
Reconstruction Grants
Fertile land Tourism income
Indirect
Very little research on this
Go to Slide 12

12. Explaining the impact of Natural hazards
The human context in which hazards occur is as important and often more important than the geophysical causes of the event.
Factors influencing the human impact of natural hazards include:
Population Density in the area affected
Prior experiences of hazards in the area
Traditional methods of coping with hazards
The degree of accuracy in predicting the hazard
The effects of any hazard warning, preparation and / or evacuation procedures
The speed and effectiveness of local, national and international emergency and long term relief services
The overall level of economic development (LEDC MEDC)
Perception of those involved

13. 3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time.
3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time.
There is a decreasing number of deaths due to hazards
The number/frequency of reported natural disasters has increased
Since 1980, the average annual economic cost of hazards has risen from less than $20 bn to more than $160 bn.
Why ?
Better understanding of natural disasters
Better preparedness
Better technology

14. 4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development.
Modify Loss
Move to a safer location
Modify the Event
Modify human Vulnerability
People cope with natural hazards in very different ways
The chosen ways are often related to wealth and access to technology
Humans do have a capacity to ignore or seriously underestimate risk, even when it seems obvious to others
Often it may seem obvious that people should move out of harms way, but in reality this may be impossible.

15. Modify Loss burden Modify hazard event Modify Human Vulnerability
Hazard Type and Example
Accept Loss
Aid
Insurance
Environmental Control
Hazard Resistance
Community Preparedness
Forecasting and Warning
Land Use Planning
Design
Retrofitting
VOLCANO
LEDC
MEDC
EARTHQUAKE

16. Modify human vulnerability
4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development.
Modify the event (hazard mitigation)
Modify human vulnerability
Modify the loss
Tsunami
Coastal defences and engineering
Warming and prediction systems
Coastal zone management and landuse planning
Provision of emergency kits
Loss modification involves immediate rescue efforts, followed by relief efforts which focus on food, shelter, water and sanitation.
Insurance can help recovery.
Long term reconstruction is needed.
Earthquakes
Not possible
Ground shaking and liquefaction risk mapping
Aseismic buildings
Earthquake education and drills
Prediction not possible
Volcanoes
Lava diversion
Monitoring, prediction warning and evacuation systems
Hazard mapping e.g. lahar risk
Education
Shelters
Go to Slide 15

17. Possible titles
Discuss the challenges posed for communities by different tectonic hazards. (70)
Examine the impacts caused by tectonic activity and explore the reasons why these vary. (70)
"The severity of a hazard is determined by the economic situation in which it occurs". How far do you agree? (70)
Explain why the same type of hazard may have different impacts (70)
Discuss the factors which affect the social, economic and demographic impact of hazards
To what extent is the human response to hazard affected by variations in the economic resources available?
The frequency and magnitude of natural hazards are the main factors that explain the spatial variation in their impact. Discuss.
How true is it to say that natural hazard events cause damage in MEDCs and deaths in LEDCs?
Discuss the relationship between the nature of tectonic hazards and the human response to them.