6. ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY

9. EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON

13. Energy Magnitude Relationship Energy release increases by 32 times with increase of 1 magnitude

17. Earthquake/Inertia Forces ACCELERATIONACCELERATION DECELERATIONDECELERATION

19. EL-CENTRO, 1940 EARTHQUAKE

20. (Before Earthquake) (After Earthquake)

21. Shear Wall Cripple Wall Foundation Floor Diaphragm Floor Diaphragm Roof Diaphragm House Elements Resist Horizontal Forces f1f1 f2f2 f3f3 f sum = f 1 + f 2 + f 3

22. Damage Resulting from Base Shear

24. BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE 1.Store heavy objects near ground or floor. 2.Secure tall objects, like bookcases to the wall. 3.Secure gas appliances to prevent broken gas lines and fires. 4.Learn where your exits, evacuation route, and meeting places are. Know the safe spot in each room. 5.Keep emergency items, such as a flashlight, first aid kit and spare clothes, food in your car or office.

25. DURING AN EARTHQUAKE 1.If indoors, stay in the building. 2.Take shelter under solid furniture, i.e. tables or desks, until the shaking stops. 3.Keep away from overhead fixtures, windows, cabinets and bookcases or other heavy objects that could fall. Watch for falling plaster or ceiling tiles. 4.If driving- STOP, but stay in the vehicle. Do not stop on bridge, under trees, light posts, electrical power lines or signals. 5.If outside, stay outside. Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, power lines and roadways.

26. AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE 1.Check for injuries. Give first aid as necessary. 2.Check for safety hazards: fire, electrical, gas leaks, etc. and take appropriate actions. 3.Do not use telephones and roadways unless necessary so that these are open for emergency uses. 4.Be prepared for aftershocks, plan for cover when they occur. 5.Turn on your radio/TV for an emergency message. Evacuate to shelters as instructed. 6.Remain calm, try to reassure others. Avoid injury from broken glasses etc.

28. An aerial view of the destruction of houses in Bhachau and Anjar towns during the Gujarat, 2001 earthquak

29. Devastated village - Jawaharnagar which was relocated at this site after the Anjar earthquake of 1856. The same has collapsed as no aseismic design interventions were made during the rehabilitation and reconstruction of this village.

31. Post Office Building, Killari Damaged but not collapsed

32. Public Building in Sastoor Damaged but not collapsed

33. MEERP Programme Before MEERP After MEERP

34. 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: RAILROAD SYSTEM

35. 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: POUNDING

36. Symmetric Plan Less Opening

37. Interlocking of Stones

38. Interlocking by Through Stones (Haider)

39. Through Stones in Existing Walls

40. Seismic Bands (Very Important)

41. Construction Practice (Marathwada Region)

42. Construction Practice (Satara, Kolhapur Region)

43. Strengthening of Existing Houses

44. Confidence in Earthquake-resistant Measures

45. Confidence Building in Retrofitting

46. Collapse of open ground story RC frame residential building in Bhuj.

47. 2001 Gujarat Earthquake

49. Buildings with First-Soft Story

50. Buildings with Heavy Water Tanks

51. EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS xm SDOF system

52. EQUATION OF MOTION m kx Free Body Diagram Governing Equation

53. (a) MDOF system m1m1 m2m2 mNmN k1k1 kNkN k2k2 (b) Free body diagram mimi MDOF System Figure 2.4

56. Distribution of earthquake forces in multi-story building

57. DUCTILE DETAILING OF R.C.C. STRUCTURRES (IS:13920-1993) To Add Ductility and Toughness (Special confining reinforcement) Should be applied for all R.C.C. Structures Seismic Zone IV and V Seismic Zone III but I >1 Seismic Zone III (Industrial Buildings) Seismic zone III (> 5 Storey) Flexural Memberes Stress > 0.1 f ck b/D > 0.3 b > 200 mm D > Clear Span/4

58. Condition assessment Tapping by hammer Rebound Hammer Indentation method Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Transmission Test Covermeter / Pachometer Radiography Chloride Content Testing for Depth of Carbonation Tests on Concrete Cores

59. New stirrups New reinforcement Old reinforcement Roughened surface Drilled hole in slab Roughened surface Slab Stirrups Beam Jacket Strengthening of column

60. New stirrups New reinforcement Old reinforcement Anchor bars Drilled hole in slab New reinforcement Old reinforcement New stirrups Strengthening of column

61. weld Roughened surface New reinforcement Beam Strengthening

62. Strengthening of bare frame

63. Strengthening of masonry

65. FRP strengthening

71. Non-isolatedBase-isolated

72. Fixed base building Base-isolated building

73. SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION g x  1 x 2 x N x m 1 m 2 m N k 1 k N k 2 m b Base isolator

75. Elastomeric bearings

76. Sliding bearings

77. 36 110 6 1.5 30 Steel Plate Rubber 12

78. Response of five-story building isolated by LRB system

79. Response of a five-story isolated by FPS system

80. DAMAGE OF BRIDGES DURING EARTHQUAKES

81. DUCTILE DETAILING OF R.C.C. STRUCTURRES (IS:13920-1993) To Add Ductility and Toughness Should be applied for all R.C.C. Structures Seismic Zone IV and V Seismic Zone III but I >1 Seismic Zone III (Industrial Buildings) Seismic zone III (> 5 Storey) Flexural Memberes Stress > 0.1 f ck b/D > 0.3 b > 200 mm D > Clear Span/4

84. The American River Bridge & installed friction pendulum bearing

85. Thjorsa Bridge with Elastomeric seismic isolation bearings (Ice land)

86. Location: 1 k.m. SW of Pelabuhan Building : 4-Storeyed MR RCC. Isolator : 16 HDR Manufacturer: MRPRA, UK

87. Location: Rancho Cucamonga California. Isolator :HDR Engineers: Taylor & Gaines; Reid & Tarics. Year :1985

88. Location: Los Angeles, California. Isolator : LRB Engineers: KPFF Year :1991

89. Location: East Los Angeles California. Isolator :HDR Engineers: Fluor-Daniel Year :1990

90. Location: Sendai, Miyako Provience Isolator :HDR Year :1990

92. Tuned mass damper, Huis Ten Bosch tower, Nagasaki

93. m 1,n kdkd cdcd kdkd cdcd kdkd cdcd kdkd cdcd c 1,1 c1,2c1,2 c1,3c1,3 c 2,1 c 2,2 c 2,3 c 2,m c 1,i c 1,n-1 c 1,n k 1,1 k 1,2 k 1,3 k 1,i k 1,n-1 k 1,n m 1,1 m 1,2 m 1,3 m 1,i m 1,n-1 k 2,1 k 2,2 k 2,3 k 2,m m 2,1 m 2,2 m 2,3 m 2,m Building B Building A Damper Connected Buildings