1. Chapter Preview · Section 4
Industrial and Postindustrial Societies (pages 159–164)
The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society called an industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a widespread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.
Chapter Preview 4

2. mechanical solidarity organic solidarity postindustrial society
mechanization
urbanization
gemeinschaft
gesellschaft
social solidarity
mechanical solidarity
organic solidarity
postindustrial society
Section 4-Key Terms

3. Section 4-Polling Question
Which technology do you think has made the biggest impact on our society?
A. Personal computers
B. Assembly lines
C. Robots A B C
Section 4-Polling Question

4. Basic Features of Industrial Societies
The industrial society is one that is dependent upon science and technology to produce its basic goods and services.
Section 4

5. Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)
When societies shift from agricultural to industrial, some of the structural changes are:
A loss of simplicity and a gain of scientific knowledge
Animal and human labor is replaced by machines (mechanization)
Operated by wage earners
The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society called the industrial society- dependence on machines and technology
The postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries.
Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.
Agricultural Employment
Section 4

6. Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)
Urbanization—the movement from the country to the city
Families function differently
Economic activities no longer in home, but in factories
Education now focuses on workforce and does not take place in the home
Blood relationships decline as families separate to take jobs in other locations.
Personal choice and love replace arranged marriages
Women, as enter work force, become less subordinate to their husbands
Social class is based more on occupational achievements than the social class of one’s parents
Section 4

7. Which of the following is a way that the family structure changed once an industrial society emerged?
A. Women became more subordinate to their husbands.
B. Family unity became less important.
C. Education was taught at home. A B C
Section 4

8. A Conversation with Two Sociologists
Tonnies’s view—two types of society:
Gemeinschaft = community; a society based on tradition, kinship, and intimate social relationships.
Gesellschaft = industrial society; weak family ties, competition, and less personal social relationships.
Gemeinschaft- found in preindustrial socieities
Gesellschaft-
Section 4

9. A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)
Durkheim’s view:
Social solidarity is the degree to which a society is unified or can hold itself together in the face of obstacles.
Durkhiem believed social solidarity was a result of societies division of labor
Section 4

10. A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)
Two types of society that depend on solidarity:
Mechanical solidarity applies when members of a society hold the same beliefs, values, and norms; they tend to conform and depend on tradition and family to fulfill their needs.
Organic solidarity applies when members of an industrial society depend on a variety of people to fulfill their needs.
Mechanical solidarity- most of the people are doing the same type of work. Place the group above the family
Organic Solidarity- achieves social unity through a complex of specialized statuses that make members of society interdependent.
Section 4

11. The following are characteristics of mechanical solidarity EXCEPT
A. Group placed above the individual
B. Pressure for conformity
C. Needs filled by a variety of people
D. Tradition and family important A B C D C
Section 4

12. Major Features of Postindustrial Society
In a postindustrial society, the economic emphasis is on providing services and information rather than on producing goods through basic manufacturing.
Section 4

13. Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)
Five features of this society, according to Daniel Bell:
For the first time, the majority of the labor force are employed in services rather than in agriculture or manufacturing.
White-collar employment replaces much blue-collar work.
The United States is the only country that meets all five features.
Industries like banking, medical, entertainment, fast-food
White collar outnumbered blue collar in U.S. for first time in 1956
Section 4

14. Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)
Technical knowledge is the key organizing feature in the postindustrial society.
Technological change is planned and assessed.
Computer modeling is relied upon in all areas.
Technological change assessed- affect to environment considered before product is introduced
Section 4

15. What was the major economic emphasis placed on during the postindustrial society?
A. Providing services
B. Agriculture
C. Raising animals
D. All of the above A B C D A
Section 4

16. Social Instability in Postindustrial Society
Historian Francis Fukuyama believes that the transition to a service economy has increased social instability in nations undergoing this change.
However, he sees current indications of a return to social stability because humans find it difficult to live without values and norms.
Crime and social disorder began to rise. Marriage and birth rates declined, divorce increased
Crime is now down 15% from 1990, Divorce peaked in 1980’s, births to single mothers appear to have stopped increasing
Welfare rates have diminished
Section 4

17. A B C D Do you agree with Fukuyama’s observations? A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Disagree
D. Not sure A B C D
Section 4

18. Section 4-End

19. industrial society
a society that depends on science and technology to produce its basic goods and services
Vocab 19

20. mechanization
the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power
Vocab 20

21. urbanization
the shifting of population from farms and villages to large cities
Vocab 21

22. gemeinschaft
pre-industrial society based on tradition, kinship, and close social ties
Vocab 22

23. gesellschaft
industrial society characterized by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal social relationships
Vocab 23

24. social solidarity
the degree to which a society is unified
Vocab 24

25. mechanical solidarity
a type of social unity achieved by people doing the same type of work and holding similar values
Vocab 25

26. organic solidarity
a type of social unity in which members’ interdependence is based on specialized functions and statuses
Vocab 26

27. postindustrial society
a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information
Vocab 27