1. Nuclear Chemistry

2. Nuclear reactions involve unstable nuclei becoming more stable by emitting energy Nuclear reactions involve unstable nuclei becoming more stable by emitting energy Unaffected by temperature, pressure, or catalyst Unaffected by temperature, pressure, or catalyst

3. Nuclear stability More stable nuclei have More stable nuclei have Low atomic number: > 83 are radioactive Low atomic number: > 83 are radioactive Ratio of neutrons to protons is 1:1 Ratio of neutrons to protons is 1:1 Even number of protons and neutrons Even number of protons and neutrons

4. Types of radiation Alpha (α) low penetrating power Beta ( β) moderate penetrating power Gamma (γ) high penetrating power

5. Transmutation- change in no. of protons, creating a new element Particle emitted Mass number Atomic number alpha (α) -4-2 beta ( β) same+1 positronsame neutronsame proton K-capture (add e - ) same

6. Electric charge and mass numbers are conserved An alpha particle is captured A beta particle is emitted

7. An alpha particle is emitted Beta emission

8. Half life The time it takes for half of the nuclei to decay. The time it takes for half of the nuclei to decay. Carbon-14 emits beta radiation and decays with a half-life of 5730 years. If you start with 2.00 x 10 -12 grams of carbon-14, how many grams remain after 3 half lives? Carbon-14 emits beta radiation and decays with a half-life of 5730 years. If you start with 2.00 x 10 -12 grams of carbon-14, how many grams remain after 3 half lives? 2.00 x 10 -12 g x ½ x ½ x ½ =.250 x 10 -12 g

9. Phosphorus-32 has a half-life of 14.3 days. How many milligrams of phosphorus-32 remains after 57.2 days if you start with 4.0 mg of the isotope? 57.2 days is how many half lives? 57.2/14.3= 4 half lives 4.0 (1/2) 4 = 0.25 mg

10. A 0.456 mg sample of hydrogen-3 was collected. After 24.52 years, 0.114 mg of the sample remains. What is the half-life of hydrogen-3? A 0.456 mg sample of hydrogen-3 was collected. After 24.52 years, 0.114 mg of the sample remains. What is the half-life of hydrogen-3? 0.114 = 1 = 1 0.456 4 2 Two half lives! 24.52/2 = 12.26 years 2

11. Applications of nuclear energy Power plants Power plants Weapons Weapons Medicine Medicine Diagnosis (imaging) Diagnosis (imaging) Treatment (killing tumors) Treatment (killing tumors)

12. Nuclear energy Mass is NOT conserved in a nuclear reaction, but mass-energy is. Mass is NOT conserved in a nuclear reaction, but mass-energy is. E = mc 2 E = mc 2 Converts the “lost” mass into energy Converts the “lost” mass into energy

13. Fission- breaking apart of a nucleus Can cause a chain reaction

14. Nuclear energy Control rods slow or stop the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons (made of boron or cadmium) Control rods slow or stop the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons (made of boron or cadmium) fuel fuel Coolant (water) absorbs and transfers the heat energy. Coolant (water) absorbs and transfers the heat energy. Containment vessels keep radioactive material from escaping. Containment vessels keep radioactive material from escaping.

15. Nuclear reactor Containment building Cooling water

17. Enriching Uranium

19. Spent fuel rods stored on site

20. Nuclear power plants in the U.S.

21. StatePercent Vermont 72.3 New Jersey 55.1 Connecticut 53.4 South Carolina 52.0 Illinois 48.7 New Hamphshire 44.1 Virginia 39.6 Percentage of state’s electricity that is nuclear (2009) 31 states have nuclear reactors

22. Nuclear power plants provides 17% of the world's electricity. In France, about 75% of the electricity is generated from nuclear power. In the United States, nuclear power supplies about 20% of the electricity overall. There are more than 400 nuclear power plants around the world, with more than 100 in the United States.

23. Chernobyl - April 1986 50 deaths immediately 4000 deaths from cancer

24. March 12, 2011 Fukushima, Japan

25. Since April 2011, Germany decided to replace nuclear power with renewable energy sources within a decade. Since April 2011, Germany decided to replace nuclear power with renewable energy sources within a decade.

26. Fusion Happens on the sun

27. Fusion Power Benefits abundant fuel (deuterium) abundant fuel (deuterium) No greenhouse gases emitted No greenhouse gases emittedDrawbacks Extremely high temperatures required Extremely high temperatures required 150 000 000° Celsius!!! 150 000 000° Celsius!!! Challenging to contain high-energy plasma Challenging to contain high-energy plasma ITER - International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

30. Nuclear Weapons Atomic bomb- fission reaction Atomic bomb- fission reaction Used in WWII Used in WWII Hydrogen bomb- fusion reaction Hydrogen bomb- fusion reaction Developed in 1951 Developed in 1951

31. “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima, Japan Aug. 6, 1945 contained 64 kg of uranium (141lbs) Equivalent to 18,000 tons of TNT- fission reaction

32. “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki, Japan Aug. 9, 1945 around 200,000 died total

33. Nuclear bomb videos http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb4.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb4.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb4.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear- bomb4.htm

34. Nuclear medicine Diagnostic tests Myocardial perfusion scan with Thallium-201 stress images (top) rest images (bottom)

35. Therapies Therapies -sodium iodide for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer -sodium iodide for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer -implanted capsules of isotopes to treat cancer -implanted capsules of isotopes to treat cancer -gamma radiation to kill tumors -gamma radiation to kill tumors