1. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data Interpretation, Further Analysis and Dissemination Workshop 1 Access to Mass Media and Use of ICT Life Satisfaction Tobacco and Alcohol Use

2. Background  Added as a result of work on adolescents and young people  Limited experience (mainly MICS)  Both in Women and Men questionnaires 2

3. Overview of MICS5 contents 3 Access to Mass Media and Use of Information & Communication Technologies  Exposure to mass media - 1 table for women and 1 table for men  Use of computers and internet - 1 table for women and 1 table for men

4. Background  Mass media  Newspapers  Radio  Television  ICT  Computers  Internet 4 Exposure to influences outside the local community. Can be used as a starting point for any mass media campaigns Exposure to global influences, communication, learning opportunities Even for the less educated

5. 5 Table MT.1: Exposure to mass media (women) Percentage of women age 15-49 years who are exposed to specific mass media on a weekly basis, Country, Year Percentage of women age 15-49 years who: All three media at least once a week 1 Any media at least once a week None of the media at least once a week Number of women age 15- 49 years Read a newspaper at least once a week Listen to the radio at least once a week Watch television at least once a week 1 MICS indicator 10.1 - Exposure to mass media MT.1M - Men Percentages do not add to 100 Individual itemsAll three

6. 6 Table MT.1: Exposure to mass media: Percentage of women age 15-49 years who are exposed to specific mass media on a weekly basis, Serbia 2010 Percentage of women age 15-49 who: All three media at least once a week [1] No media at least once a week Number of women age 15-49 years Read a newspaper at least once a week Listen to the radio at least once a week Watch television at least once a week Age15-1976.378.697.963.60.5659 20-2479.479.897.565.20.3705 25-2975.473.697.358.20.9846 30-3474.269.598.057.21.0775 35-3976.173.098.358.90.7791 40-4469.469.999.352.60.3703 45-4971.965.399.049.80.0905 AreaUrban79.870.798.160.40.63155 Rural67.274.998.353.60.52230 EducationNone(.0)(52.1)(96.6)(0.0) 27 Primary44.263.797.534.41.9704 Secondary76.272.399.058.40.33067 Higher86.276.997.067.30.41587 Wealth index quintiles Poorest44.666.297.035.21.9751 Second71.277.299.257.90.21175 Middle79.271.198.560.20.11134 Fourth81.772.797.562.31.01172 Richest85.772.798.364.60.11153 Total74.672.498.257.60.55385 Upper middle income country with high level of education

7. 7 Table MT.1: Exposure to mass media: Percentage of women age 15-49 years who are exposed to specific mass media on a weekly basis, Serbia 2010 Percentage of women age 15-49 who: All three media at least once a week [1] No media at least once a week Number of women age 15-49 years Read a newspaper at least once a week Listen to the radio at least once a week Watch television at least once a week Age15-1976.378.697.963.60.5659 20-2479.479.897.565.20.3705 25-2975.473.697.358.20.9846 30-3474.269.598.057.21.0775 35-3976.173.098.358.90.7791 40-4469.469.999.352.60.3703 45-4971.965.399.049.80.0905 AreaUrban79.870.798.160.40.63155 Rural67.274.998.353.60.52230 EducationNone(0.0)(52.1)(96.6)(0.0) 27 Primary44.263.797.534.41.9704 Secondary76.272.399.058.40.33067 Higher86.276.997.067.30.41587 Wealth index quintiles Poorest44.666.297.035.21.9751 Second71.277.299.257.90.21175 Middle79.271.198.560.20.11134 Fourth81.772.797.562.31.01172 Richest85.772.798.364.60.11153 Total 74.672.498.2 57.60.55385 Similar radio and newspaper access, TV universal Some age differentials Strong correlation with wealth – due to: (1)newspaper reading (2) radio

8. Further analysis/ Further work  A first step for understanding access and exposure; more detail possible  May be followed up with more detailed data collection on the nature of exposure to fine-tune media messages – frequency, timing, type  Follow-up is applicable in both cases: very high or low percentages  Data quality: check with TV ownership, literacy  Supplement educational level with media  May be used as a valuable independent variable for analyzing outcomes 8

9. Overview of MICS5 contents 9 Access to Mass Media and Use of Information & Communication Technologies  Exposure to mass media - 1 table for women and 1 table for men  Use of computers and internet - 1 table for women and 1 table for men

10. Background  Mass media  Newspapers  Radio  Television  ICT  Computers  Internet 10 Exposure to influences outside the local community. Can be used as a starting point for any mass media campaigns Exposure to global influences, communication, learning opportunities Even for the less educated

11. 11 Table MT.2: Use of computers and internet (women) Percentage of young women age 15-24 years who have ever used a computer and the internet, percentage who have used during the last 12 months, and percentage who have used at least once weekly during the last one month, Country, Year Percentage of women age 15-24 years who have: Number of women age 15- 24 years Ever used a computer Used a computer during the last 12 months 1 Used a computer at least once a week during the last one month Ever used the internet Used the internet during the last 12 months 2 Used the internet at least once a week during the last one month 1 MICS indicator 10.2 - Use of computers 2 MICS indicator 10.3 - Use of internet MT.2M - Men Ever use Recent use Frequency of use Computer Internet Internet use likely to be lower, but fairly close to computer use Ever use should always be higher

12. 12 Table MT.2: Use of computers and internet Percentage of women age 15-24 who have: Number of women age 15-24 years Ever used a compu ter Used a computer during the last 12 months Used a computer at least once a week during the last one month Ever used the internet Used the internet during the last 12 months Used the internet at least once a week during the last one month Age15-1995.994.086.589.086.979.0659 20-2492.789.077.785.483.273.1705 AreaUrban97.296.290.094.092.687.1814 Rural89.984.370.077.073.759.4549 EducationNone(*) 6 Primary60.850.927.839.132.915.5112 Sec.96.393.682.187.785.574.5789 Higher100.098.796.199.097.994.2457 Wealth index quintiles Poorest74.265.141.651.747.328.8199 Second93.388.574.682.279.666.1300 Middle98.797.689.794.090.782.8272 Fourth98.8 94.297.096.891.0281 Richest99.999.097.199.798.796.1311 Total94.291.482.087.185.076.01364 Sharp correlation with age and other background characteristics

13. Further work/Further analysis  Check, analyze together with other media exposure  May be followed up with collection of more detailed data – social networks, type and nature of use  Questionnaire allows more detailed assessment of frequency (almost everyday, once a week, less)  Further analyze, compare by gender  Supplement educational level with other mass media information  May be used as a valuable independent variable for analyzing outcomes 13

14. Overview of MICS5 contents 14 Life Satisfaction (Subjective Well-Being)  Life satisfaction and happiness - 2 tables for women and 2 tables for men  Perception of a better life - 1 table for women and 1 table for men

15. Background: Subjective Well-Being  Subjective perceptions of well-being play an important role, autonomously from objective conditions, such as income, health  Can help create a fuller picture of well-being  Life satisfaction: summation of evaluation regarding a person’s life as a whole  Happiness – a fleeting, transient condition that can be affected by numerous current factors (weather, recent incident)  Life satisfaction and happiness are sometimes used interchangeably 15

16. Background: Subjective Well-Being  Perceptions of a better life is also an important correlate of both life satisfaction and happiness  All of these (life satisfaction, happiness and perceptions of a better life) complete a large portion of subjective well-being  Life satisfaction included in Human Development Report in 2010  Reports on a scale out of 10, on job, health, standard of living, purposeful life, treatment with respect, social support network 16

17. Background: Subjective Well-Being  World Happiness Day, since 2012  World Happiness Report, since 2013  New OECD guidelines 2013 – recommendation to all national statistical agencies: Include Life Satisfaction in annual household surveys. 17

18. 18 Table SW.1: Domains of life satisfaction (women) Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied in selected domains of satisfaction, Country, Year Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied in selected domains: Family lifeFriendshipsHealth Living environment Treatment by others The way they look SW.1M - Men Individual items reported – very or somewhat satisfied

19. 19 Table SW.1: Domains of life satisfaction (women) Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied in selected domains of satisfaction, Country, Year Percentage of women age 15-24 years who: Numbe r of women age 15- 24 years Percentage of women age 15- 24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied with school Number of women age 15- 24 years attendin g school Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied with their job Number of women age 15- 24 years who have a job Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied with their income Number of women age 15-24 years who have an income Are attendi ng school Have a job Have an income Continued …….. Very or somewhat satisfied

20. 20 Table SW.2: Overall life satisfaction and happiness (women) Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat satisfied with their life overall, the average overall life satisfaction score, and percentage of women age 15-24 years who are very or somewhat happy, Country, Year Percentage of women with overall life satisfaction 1 Average life satisfaction score Percentage of women who are very or somewhat happy 2 Number of women age 15- 24 years 1 MICS Indicator 11.1 - Life satisfaction 2 MICS indicator 11.2 - Happiness Satisfied with life, overall: very satisfied or somewhat satisfied Average of responses to overall life satisfaction. Lower scores indicate higher satisfaction levels. SW.2M - Men Very or somewhat happy

21. 21 Table SW.3: Perception of a better life (women) Percentage of women age 15-24 years who think that their lives improved during the last one year and those who expect that their lives will get better after one year, Country, Year Percentage of women who think that their life Number of women age 15-24 years Improved during the last one year Will get better after one yearBoth 1 1 MICS indicator 11.3 - Perception of a better life SW.3M - Men Hopelessness prevalent among youth in middle income countries The relationship between perceptions of improvement during last year and hope for the next year Women who think their life has been improving and will continue to improve

22. 22 Country example

23. Further analysis  Correlate with measures of objective well- being: income, education, wealth  Identify groups and compare life satisfaction: Does vulnerability correlate with life satisfaction?  Correlate happiness and perceptions with tobacco and alcohol abuse  Use as dependent variables: Determinants of satisfaction, happiness, and hope 23

24. Further analysis 24

25. Overview of MICS5 contents 25 Use of tobacco and alcohol  Tobacco (cigarette, tobacco) - 1 table for women and 1 table for men  Cigarette (only) - 1 table for women and 1 table for men  Alcohol - 1 table for women and 1 table for men

26. Background: Use of tobacco and alcohol  Tobacco: known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, lung and other cancers  Alcohol abuse is a serious problem in many countries. Associated with:  Increased risk of accidents, cirrhosis, hypertension, psychological illnesses, and congenital malformations. Aggravates risk of family problems 26

27. Background: Use of tobacco and alcohol  Information collected:  Ever and current use of cigarettes and the age at which cigarette smoking first started  Ever and current use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products  The intensity of use of cigarettes, and smoked and smokeless tobacco products  Ever and current use of alcohol, and intensity of use 27

28. Background: Use of tobacco  Any intensity of tobacco use is considered a (potential) health problem (Indicator 12.1)  Intensity is directly correlated with poor health outcomes  Early initiation increases length of exposure 28

29. 29 Table TA.1: Current and ever use of tobacco (women) Percentage of women age 15-49 years by pattern of use of tobacco, Country, Year Never smoked cigarette s or used other tobacco products Ever users Users of tobacco products at any time during the last one month Numbe r of women age 15- 49 years Only cigarettes Cigarette s and other tobacco products Only other tobacco products Any tobacco product Only cigare ttes Cigarett es and other tobacco products Only other tobacco products Any tobacco product 1 Under-5s in the same household At least one None 1 MICS indicator 12.1 - Tobacco use "Any tobacco product" refers to cigarettes, smoked tobacco products, and smokeless tobacco products. TA.1M - Men

30. 30 Table TA.2: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (women) Percentage of women age 15-49 years who smoked a whole cigarette before age 15, and percent distribution of current smokers by the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24 hours, Country, Year Percentage of women who smoked a whole cigarette before age 15 1 Number of women age 15- 49 years Number of cigarettes in the last 24 hours Number of women age 15-49 years who are current cigarette smokers Less than 55-910-1920+Total 1 MICS indicator 12.2 - Smoking before age 15 TA.2M - Men

31. 31 Table TA.3: Use of alcohol (women) Percentage of women age 15-49 years who have never had an alcoholic drink, percentage who first had an alcoholic drink before age 15, and percentage of women who have had at least one alcoholic drink at any time during the last one month, Country, Year Percentage of women who: Number of women age 15-49 years Never had an alcoholic drink Had at least one alcoholic drink before age 15 1 Had at least one alcoholic drink at any time during the last one month 2 1 MICS indicator 12.3 - Use of alcohol 2 MICS indicator 12.4 - Use of alcohol before age 15 TA.3M - Men

32. 32 Country example

33. Further analysis  Joint analysis of tobacco and alcohol use  Correlate with measures of life satisfaction, happiness, perceptions of better life  Comparisons of ever and current use of tobacco use may be indicative of reversing trends  Sex differentials by social/economic groups  Children and mother’s smoking habits  Any correlation of alcohol with domestic violence? 33