1. Chapter 21 AP European History
Imperialism
Chapter 21
AP European History

2. Imperialism The building of an empire
“…the process by which one state, with superior military strength and more advanced technology, imposes its control over the land, resources, and population of a less developed region.” p 820

3. Motivations “Dual Mandate” Industrialization spurs imperialism
Civilizing
Resources
Industrialization spurs imperialism
Need for resources
Need for markets to sell manufactured goods
Nationalism (empire=strength, power)

4. Types of Imperialism Colonial Imperialism: “Old style” imperialism
Common in the 16th and 17th centuries
Complete takeover
Colonial powers set up new governments
Imposition of culture upon “natives”
Migrations and settlement of people from the mother country to the colony

5. Types of Imperialism Political Imperialism:
Use of diplomacy or military force to influence internal affairs of a weaker nation
The stronger nation doesn’t completely control the weaker one, but has a great deal of influence

6. Types of Imperialism Economic Imperialism:
Desire to control global trade and commerce
The stronger nation attempts to control the economy of the weaker nation so as to exploit them for economic gain
Social-cultural Imperialism:
Forcing (or encouraging…) a region to adopt the language, customs, religion etc. of the stronger nation

7. Imperialism and Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism and Racism would be used to justify imperialism
Herbert Spencer
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
“White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kipling

8. “New Imperialism” In the 1800’s, a new wave of imperialism began
Focus on Africa and Asia
Known as “Neo-Colonialism” or “New Imperialism”

9. “…the sun never sets on the British Empire…”

10. The British Empire
Great Britain would create a huge empire with colonies and protectorates all over the world
India (see notes in section on British Raj)
Egypt (see notes in section on Africa)
South Africa (see notes in section on Africa)
Dominions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand

11. Scramble for Africa
Before the 1800’s, European contact was largely limited to the coastal areas
Europe forced to do business with the native empires
Ie. Songhai, Asante, etc.
Europeans were largely ignorant of the interior areas of sub-Saharan Africa

12. Scramble for Africa
South Africa was one of the areas of Africa to experience European aggression.
First settled by Dutch
Est. Cape Town as shipping location
1795: British seized Cape Town
South African Dutch (aka Boers or Afrikaners) fled into a region of South Africa known as Transvaal (known as the Great Trek)
Discovered diamonds and gold
British want the resources

13. Scramble for Africa Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902)
British fight the Boers (Afrikaners) for access to resources
British win; annexed the territory and added all of South Africa to their empire
Africans forced to work in gold and diamond mines

14. Scramble for Africa
Although part of the British Empire, South Africa exercised a significant amount of self-rule
Drafted a constitution
Only white men could vote
Africans had few rights
System of legal segregation later developed
Apartheid ( )
(comparable to Jim Crow in the American South)
1912: Educated Africans created the African National Congress to oppose European colonialism

16. Scramble for Africa
Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire since 1517
Ottoman control was minimal
local rulers, called beys, had more power than the rulers back in Istanbul
1798: Napoleon invaded in attempt to add Egypt to his empire
Muhammad Ali led Egypt to defend Egypt from foreign domination
1805: Ottoman Sultan named Ali pasha or viceroy of Egypt
Although the Ottoman Empire still saw Egypt as part of its territory, Ali controlled Egypt

17. Scramble for Africa Egypt begins to industrialize and westernize
Ali emphasized cotton production to give Egypt a valuable trading commodity
1869: Suez Canal construction completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
France helped construct the canal, but Egypt had to borrow from Europe to pay for construction

19. Scramble for Africa
Attempts at industrialization and westernization caused Egypt to accumulate debt
Began to sell stock in the Suez Canal to pay debts; Britain biggest investor
By 1882, Britain controlled the canal and had gotten involved in Egypt to the point that Egypt was viewed as a protectorate of Britain
Although it kept its own government, Egypt had been added to the British empire
Would remain somewhat tied to Britain until a revolution in 1952

20. Scramble for Africa 1884: Berlin Conference
Otto Von Bismarck hosted conference to discuss Africa
Agreed to rules for colonization of Africa
Nations must notify each other of their claims
“Effective Occupation” to avoid war among the rival nations

21. Scramble for Africa
By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by a European power
Except Ethiopia and Liberia
Impact of Colonization of Africa
Europeans put into power positions
Britain allowed more self-rule b/c it was overburdened by colonies elsewhere
Western culture spread
Traditional African culture started to fall apart
Islam also grew in popularity due to competition with Christianity
Africans were forced to work to produce cash crops for Europeans
European boundaries did not follow traditional boundaries set up by the people of Africa
Rival tribal groups forced together, or communities split apart

23. Asia in an Age of Imperialism
Like Africa, Asia was also affected by imperialism in the 1800’s.
India fell to British rule
China was broken into Spheres of Influence
Japan became an imperial power

24. British Raj in India By 18th Century, Mughal Empire in decline
Conflict among Hindus and Muslims weakened the empire
French and British slowly made their way into dominant roles
France and Britain fight, France defeated
Britain becomes the dominant European force in India
British East India Company uses troops to conquer Bengal (Bangladesh)

25. British Raj in India
Over next 100 years, British slowly take over India
British East India Company used sepoys to guard their administrative buildings
Sepoy: Indian troops who served the British
The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) spelled the end for Mughal rule in India
Sepoys revolted against the British East India Company, which prompted the British government to get involved
1858: Britain declared India a royal colony and the last of the Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II) was exiled
The monarch of Britain was officially recognized as the ruler of India (Queen Victoria)

26. British Raj in India Indian government was administered from London
Sent people to govern in the name of Britain
Tried to preserve Indian traditions, but difficult
Indian Civil Service supplied members of the bureaucracy
Mostly British
Britain helped to industrialize and modernize India
Railroads, canals, urbanization, telegraph lines

27. British Raj in India
Although Britain had a firm hold on India, many dreamed of independence
Some middle class and educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress (1885)
Call for greater Indian involvement in govt.
Try to begin path toward independence
The British raj (British rule of India) would last until 1947

28. Spheres of Influence in China
China isolated throughout much of its history
Up until 1830’s, Europeans restricted to Canton for trade
Strict limitations on outside influence
As European nations grew more powerful through industrialization and weaponry, they were increasingly able to push China around

29. Spheres of Influence in China
Opium was a major product the British imported into China
Chinese government eventually banned the substance due to its addictive and harmful properties
British government reacted negatively
Resulted in war (Opium Wars)
Two separate wars, both victories for Britain
China forced to open up to western influences

30. Spheres of Influence in China
Foreign nations began to see China as weak
They too demanded increased access to China
Europeans created “Spheres of Influence” in China
Invested money, built military bases, created businesses, etc.
Open Door Policy: advocated by the U.S.
Called for equal access to Chinese markets

31. Spheres of Influence in China
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (A.K.A. Boxers) organized a rebellion
Goal to drive Europe and Japan out of China
Used guerilla warfare tactics to murder Christian missionaries and attack foreign embassies
The Boxer Rebellion was eventually put down
China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol
China forced to apologize and pay European nations for costs incurred during the rebellion

32. The Fate of China
Chinese culture started to alter due to foreign influence
1901: foot binding abolished
1905: Civil Service examination system abolished after 2,000 years of use
And, Chinese Dynastic rule came to an end
: uprising resulted in end of Qing rule and establishment of a republic

33. Japan Builds an Empire
During 17-18th Centuries, Japan avoided foreign influence
Even restricted its own citizens from traveling abroad
Japan developed a highly ethnocentric society
Downside, their isolation kept them from adopting new technologies

35. Japan Builds an Empire
1853: U.S. sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan to negotiate ties
Arrived by steamship- unknown to Japan
Japan quickly realized their inability to compete with western powers
Begins plans to industrialize and modernize
Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign influence
Signed treaties with Europeans granting them access to Japanese markets
Japan emerges as a world power as result of changes and Meiji Restoration

37. Japan Builds an Empire
Many grew resentful of foreign influence and revolted against the shogunate
Known as Meiji Restoration
shogun was overthrown and power given to the emperor
Began widespread changes to modernize Japan

39. Japan Builds an Empire
By 1870’s, Japan had started its own Industrial Revolution
Under the emperor a new bureaucracy was formed
Even drafted a constitution and created an elected legislature
However, voting rights were restricted
Transportation and communication systems implemented
Samurai class abolished and modern military organized
Economic transformation
End of feudalism, industry implemented, private corporations
Increased emphasis on education

40. Japan Builds an Empire
Japan’s new power made them nearly equal with the Europeans
Able to negotiate trade on an equal footing with Europeans
Began to turn its eyes to other nations in Asia
1895: war with China- gained control of Taiwan and Korea
1904: Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia and gained access to Manchuria and established a sphere of influence there
This war helps to solidify Japan’s place as a world power