1. Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

2. Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

3. High School SOURCE: Nord, C., Roey, S., Perkins, R., Lyons, M., Lemanski, N., Brown, J., and Schuknecht, J. (2011). The Nation’s Report Card: America’s High School Graduates (NCES 2011-462). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

4. College

5. Labor Force

6. Women are underrepresented in many science and engineering occupations.

7. Why So Few? presents evidence that social and environmental factors contribute to the underrepresentation of women and girls in STEM.

8. Believing in the potential for intellectual growth, in and of itself, improves outcomes.

9. Fixed MindsetGrowth Mindset Intelligence is static.Intelligence can be developed. Leads to a desire to look smart and therefore a tendency to Leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to avoid challengesembrace challenges give up easily due to obstacles persist despite obstacles see effort as fruitlesssee effort as path to mastery ignore useful feedback learn from criticism be threatened by others’ success be inspired by others’ success

10. Teach children that intellectual skills can be acquired. Praise effort rather than intelligence or talent.

11. Negative stereotypes about girls’ math abilities can adversely affect girls’ math performance

12. Source: Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M., 1999, "Stereotype threat and women's math performance," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), p. 13. Performance on a Challenging Math Test, by Stereotype Threat Condition and Gender

13. Expose girls and young women to successful female role models in math and science. Teach students about stereotype threat.

14. Girls assess themselves lower and hold themselves to a higher standard when assessing their abilities in “male” fields like science and math.

15. Does this rectangle have more black or more white?

18. Set clear performance standards Help girls and young women recognize their career-relevant skills

19. Spatial skills are not innate and can be improved with training

21. Use handheld models where possible. Encourage girls to play with building toys and do mechanical drawing to develop their spatial skills.

22. At colleges and universities, little things can make a big difference for female students in science and engineering.

23. SOURCE: Higher Education Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, special tabulations (2011) of the Survey of the American Freshman cited in National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics. 2011. Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2011. Special Report NSF 11-309. (Arlington, VA) Table 2-8.

24. Actively recruit female students Emphasize broad applications of science and engineering in introductory courses. Consider pre-requisites carefully.

25. Women STEM faculty are less likely than their male peers to feel that they fit or belong in their departments.

26. Source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2009, Characteristics of doctoral scientists and engineers in the United States: 2006 (Detailed Statistical Tables) (NSF 09-317) (Arlington, VA), Author's analysis of Table 20. Female STEM Faculty in Four-Year Educational Institutions, by Discipline and Tenure Status, 2006

27. Provide mentoring for junior faculty. Implement effective work-life balance policies to support faculty.

28. In a test of implicit bias, most people associate science and math fields with “male”

29. Take a test to learn about your unconscious bias at https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ selectatest.html. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ selectatest.html Take steps to address your biases.

30. Women in “male” jobs are viewed as less competent than their male peers. When women are clearly competent, they are often considered less “likable.”

32.  Raise awareness about bias against women in STEM fields.  Create clear criteria for success.

33. To download the pdf: www.aauw.org/research/why-so-few