1. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 1/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Impact of the aerosol direct radiative effect on the water cycle http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr/ ChArMEx-WP4 LA, LISA, CNRM, LOA, LSCE, LAMP, LATMOS, ENEA, LPC2E, LPCA, ICTP, Leibniz Inst., Univ. Catalunya, Univ. of Granada, Univ. Istanbul MISTRALS-ChArMEx, ANR-ADRIMED, M-F, CNES & ADEME

2. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 2/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Context All aerosol types (dust, pollution, smoke, marine) are able to significantly change the Med. radiative budget Dust pollution smoke -> Sea-surface dimming associated with atmospheric Forcing for all aerosol types ! Aerosol direct & semi direct effects have to be included in climate simulations Radiative forcing is directly linked to physical-chemical-optical properties, vertical structure and mixing WP-4

3. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 3/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé -What is the phys.-chem.-optical properties and mixing of the main “Mediterranean aerosols” (mineral dust, anthropogenic and smoke aerosols) ? - What is the aerosol direct radiative forcing (at local and regional scales) at the surface, TOA & into the atmosphere (SW & LW) ? - Investigate how the modifications of the radiative budget due to aerosols forcing affect the Med. hydrological cycle for past-present and future time ? -> interaction with HyMEx (≠ indirect effect) Task 1 Direct radiative effects climatic impacts ChArMEx-WP4 : Scientific objectives Task 2 Task 3 WP-4

4. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 4/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Surface Observations during SOP-1a Aerosol Physical properties : SMPS (fine) and OPC (coarse) number size ditribution Aerosol Chemical properties : DKTI, ACSM Aerosol Optical properties : 1 PAX (total extinction & scattering), MAAP, 3 nephelometer (scat.), 7 aethalometer (abs.), PSAP (abs.), AERONET/PHOTON (whole-column 4 AOD, AODabs., SSA, refractive index) Aerosol mixing : VHTDMA Radiative fluxes : pyranometer (SW), pyrgeometers (LW) Aerosol vertical profiles : Lidar obs. 4/8 Ersa Lampedusa (ENEA) Secondary sites (Menorca, Barcelona, Granada) have been also deployed LSCE Meteo.-Fr WP-4

5. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 5/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Aircraft operations SOP-1a Base : Cagliari ATR-42 & F-20 operations - > ATR-42 : 10 June - 05 July - > F-20 : 17 June - 05 July WP-4

6. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 6/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Measurements onboard of the ATR-42 PropertiesParametersInstruments Meteorological conditions P, T, RH, wind, Flux  ATR-42 measurement Gaseous concentrationsCO, O 3 concentrationsMOZART Aerosol physical properties Number size distributions Grimm FSSP UHSAS SMPS Number concentrationCPC Shape 3-stages cascade impactor Aerosol optical properties Scattering coefficient3λ Nephelometer Absorption coefficient 7λ aethalometer 3λ PSAP Extinction coefficient1λ CAPS AODPlasma Aerosol chemical composition and mixing Elemental composition, OC/EC,… Filter sampling, 3-stages cascade impactor VolatilityV-TDMA 6 First use of SP2 and CAPS systems -> ATR42 (CNRM, M-F) Aircraft observations onboard the F-20: - Vertical structure (LNG) - Aerosol load and aerosol-clouds microphysical properties (OSIRIS) - Upwards and downward SW & LW fluxes (corrected by LOA for ATR & F20) WP-4

7. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 7/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé (ATR42 & F20)

8. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 8/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé F29-30 F31-32 F38-39 F42 F41 F35-36 Overview of ATR-42 flights during ADRIMED F33 F28 F34 Courtesy C. Denjean WP-4

9. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 9/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé WP-4 F20 observations Vertical Structure of aerosol Layers 2nd Dec 2013 Kerstin Schepanski, schepanski@tropos.de 9 Courtesy J. Pelon  Complex aerosol structure with 2-3 layers  MBL with Sea Salt and pollution ?  Dust plumes between 3 and 6 km  Large North-South AOD gradient  very useful data for evaluating simulated dust transport over the Med. basin  Inter-comparisons with Caliop retrievals (Caliosiris CNES project)

10. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 10/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé 19 June20 June21 June Lidar observations Vertical Structure of aerosol Layers Leon et al., in prep., 2014  Large dust layer observed between 3-6 km with moderate extinction  Similar observations obtained from Barcelona & Menorca lidar obs. Courtesy P. Chazette WP-4

11. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 11/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Courtesy B. Torres Torres et al., in prep. PLASMA observations Vertical Structure of aerosol Layers PLASMA observations ATR 42 (LOA) WP-4 - PLASMA obs. onboard the ATR-42 to derive vertical profiles of AOD - good consistence with surface AERONET/PHOTONS - allows to document AOD at different ! - consistent with lidar and in-situ optical data (Torres et al., in prep. 2014)

12. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 12/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé dV dlogD p Altitude (m) Dust aerosols 22 june 2013, F35-36 Scat. coeff. (Mm -1 ) Numb. conc. (#.cm -3 ) Diameter (µm) Aerosol Optical Properties : 22 June 2013 – Dust transport from Tunisia to Lampedusa Optical parameters provide additional information : - Scattering Ang. Exponent (AE) estimated from 3- nephelometer is about  1-2 in MBL (submicronic particles -> pollution, fine marine) and  0.5-1 (mineral dust) for altitude > 3000m - Low AE is consistent with the coarse mode in size distribution - CAPS maxima  120 Mm -1 within the dust plume 12 C. Denjean (in prep.) In-situ observations (LISA, CNRM, LAMP) Vertical Structure of aerosol Layers WP-4

13. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 13/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Aerosol size distribution Example of dust coarse mode Courtesy P. Formenti Large variability with impacts on : - visible optical (abs.) properties - IR optical properties - deposition dust efficiency WP-4

14. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 14/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé WP-4 Aerosol size distribution Ballons-LOAC observations see F. Dulac presentation

15. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 15/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Flight 38 (28/06/2013) Optical closure : comparison of the extinction coefficients calculated from Nephelometer + PSAP and CAPS at λ=530nm Flight 41 (02/07/2013) Flight 42 (03/07/2013) Nephelometer + PSAP Nephelometer + PSAP Nephelometer + PSAP CAPS C. Denjean & P. Formenti Good agreement between CAPS (ext.) and Nephelometer (scat.) + PSAP (abs.) data New 0-D optical closure useful for constraining absorbing properties and -> SSA Comparisons with SSA PARASOL retrievals for mineral dust (LA-LOA EPACMED CNES project) C. Denjean (in prep.) WP-4

16. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 16/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé F23 F29 F30 F31 F33 F34 F35 F36 F38 F39 F41 F42 Mauritania– W. Corsica 4 days Algeria – Granada 3 days Tunisia - Lampedusa 2 days Algeria - Lampedusa 5 days Algeria - W. Corsica 2 days  SSA (530 nm) = 0,80 – 0,99  Large variability in calculated SSA  Low (absorbing) dust for flights 41 & 42 !  Ongoing analyses on the chemical composition, size distribution, dust mixing ? C. Denjean & P. Formenti Variability of aerosol optical properties: single scattering albedo WP-4

17. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 17/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé BB layers Intense Smoke aerosol plume WP-4 Airmasses identified as Smoke from Colorado fires ATR42 & F-20 obs. : + vertical structure + Optical properties + SP2 data for BC aerosols

18. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 18/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé -What is the phys.-chem.-optical properties and mixing of the main “Mediterranean aerosols” (mineral dust, anthropogenic and smoke aerosols) ? - What is the aerosol direct radiative forcing (at local and regional scales) at the surface, TOA & into the atmosphere (SW & LW) ? - Investigate how the modifications of the radiative budget due to aerosols forcing affect the Med. hydrological cycle for past-present and future time ? -> interaction with HyMEx (≠ indirect effect) Task 1 Direct radiative effects climatic impacts ChArMEx-WP4 : Scientific objectives Task 2 Task 3 WP-4

19. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 19/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé 1-D Radiative transfer model simulations of irradiances with GAME & MODTRAN INPUTS RTM J. Nicolas (post-doc CNRM-LA) & D. Meloni (ENEA) OUTPUTS RTM : 1D direct rad. effect & SW heating rates Significant SW direct forcing up to -87 W.m -2 at the surface Nicolas et al., in prep. Meloni et al., in prep. SW Heating rate will be calculated using  fluxes data (G. Brogniez, LOA) WP-4

20. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 20/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé RegCM model (ICTP)CNRM Reg. Clim. Sys. Model (RCSM) (Meteo-France) Now : updated 4-D Aerosol Climatology datas for 2003 – 2009 & HIST periods (Nabat et al., AMT, 2013) but developemnt of an interactive aerosol scheme recently RegCM4.3 includes a complete simple interactive aerosol scheme –> Dust (4Bins), OC, BC, SS (2B), SU in external way (Solmon et al. 2008)  develop. of Ocean – Atmos. coupling (RegCM with MIT & ROMS) -> slab ocean model option (aerosol - SST interaction, Solmon et al., 2012) CNRM RCSM is a Ocean (NEMOMED8) - Atmos. (ALADIN-Clim.) coupled model 3D radiative effect and climate impact Regional Climate Models (RCM) strategy GCM (~200 km) RCM (~25-50 km) WP-4

21. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 21/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Regional simulation designs Reference Nabat et al., ACPD, 2012b Forced by RegCM ERAIN reanalysis RCSM SOP 1a (June-July 2013) RegCM RCSM  1980 - 2012 Aerosol direct radiative effect and climatic impact for multi-year (  20 years) RCM simulations P. Nabat (RCSM) & A. Shalaby (RegCM) Future CNRM ARPEGE RCP RegCM Forced by Evaluation of RCMs simulations using SOP-1a obs. Comparison with high resolution (Meso-NH,..) models 2030 - 2050  1990 - 2010 ERAIN reanalysis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 ALADIN CTM-CHIMERE COSMO-M MNH (Phd. M. Claeys) TROPOS group (see K. Schepanski presentation) LMD group (see S. Mailler presentation) WP-4

22. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 22/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Comparison with ATR-42 data for aerosols extinction and size distribution profiles (COSMO-M)  Extinction measured by CAPS on-board ATR-42  Upper-level dust loading overestimated Kerstin Schepanski, schepanski@tropos.de 22 model observ. 22 nd Jan 2014 model SMPS GRIMM  Size distribution measured by SMPS and GRIMM instruments on-board ATR-42  Particle size distribution well represented by model within the dust plume Courtesy K. Schepanski WP-4

23. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 23/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Vertical Structure of Dust Layers  LNG F20 data  Comparison to F20 LNG observations (atten. backscatter at 532 nm)  In simulation: corresponding dust concentrations lower  The complex 2-layer structure absent in model simulation Courtesy K. Schepanski 2nd Dec 2013 Kerstin Schepanski, schepanski@tropos.de 23 WP-4

24. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 24/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé RegCM simulation WP-4 + large surface SW forcing (mean of - 9 W.m -2 ) + strong North-South gradient in SW TOA forcing due to surface albedo and moderate dust SSA cooling heating + small bias & moderate to low temporal correlation (no BB event) compared to CTM-CHIMERE

25. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 25/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Climate simulations WP-4 PhD P. Nabat

26. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 26/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé WP-4 PhD P. Nabat

27. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 27/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé WP-4 PhD P. Nabat

28. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 28/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Nabat et al. Clim. Dyn., 2014

29. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 29/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé Thank you for your attention !

30. Audition MISTRALS/ChArMEx, Orly, 5 sept. 2014, X. Nom et al. 30/Total http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr WPn-Abrégé AOD observations AERONET-PHOTONS network (LOA) -> excellent spatial coverage with more than 10 AERONET/PHOTONS sites over the Western basin during SOP-1a -> observations indicate moderate  0.2-0.7 (440nm) AOD in the vis. -> AOD mainly due to the fine fraction during BB event but not for mineral dust -> useful data for evaluating 3-D CTM and RCM for AOD (total, fine & coarse) WP-4