1. Chapter 15 Systems Development

2. Why Develop an IS? Three phenomena that trigger IS development
An opportunity (proactive)
A problem (reactive)
A directive

3. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

4. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Analysis
Determines what need the system will satisfy
Investigation
Developers interview managers and perspective users to determine business needs.
Three feasibility studies
performed.

5. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The Technical Feasibility Study
Ensures hardware and software exist to build the system
The Economic Feasibility Study
Benefits of the system weighed against the cost
The Operational Feasibility Study
Determines if system will be used as intended

6. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Design
Logical Design
Translation of user requirements into detailed functions of the system
Physical Design
Construction
Systems Testing
Phases in systems design

7. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Implementation
Training
Conversion
Parallel Conversion
Phased Conversion
Cold Turkey
Pilot Conversion

8. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Support
Activities in systems support

9. Prototyping Systems developed using an Iterative Process
Purpose is to develop a working model as quickly as possible, which can be tweaked and revised
Significantly shortens systems development backlog
Can increase risk of incompatibility and other unforeseen mishaps

10. Prototyping When to prototype and when not to prototype
In prototyping, refinement of the system continues until users are satisfied.
When to prototype and when not to prototype

11. Project Management Project Management Goals
Complete the project on time.
Complete the project within budget.
Meet requirements.
Meet expectations.
Dimensions of project management
IS development projects: challenges and failures

12. Project Management Project Management Functions
Communication Management
Schedule Management
Quality Management
Financial Management
Resource Management

13. Systems Development Led by End Users
JAD: An example of User-led Systems Development
Joint Application Development (JAD): method to be used in SDLU
Uses six-step process to take the team through planning and design
The six steps of JAD

14. Systems Development Led by End Users
JAD Critical Success Factors
All participants must be committed to JAD process.
Customers and IS people must agree on project’s scope.
Sponsor must be supportive and involved.
Team members must be empowered decision makers.
Business objectives must be clearly defined.
Business process must be understood.
Team members must be able to meet two or more days per week.
Members must be committed to the team.

15. Chapter-16 Alternative Avenues for Systems Acquisitions

16. Outsourcing
Short-term contractual relationship with a service firm to develop a specific application
Long-term contractual relationship with a service firm to take over all or some of an organization’s IS functions

17. Advantages of Outsourcing
Improved financial planning
Reduced license and maintenance fees
Increased attention to core business
Shorter implementation cycles
Reduction of personal and fixed costs
Increased access to highly qualified know-how?
Increased security

18. Outsourcing Risks of Outsourcing Loss of control
Loss of experienced employees
Risks of losing a competitive advantage

19. Outsourcing
Risks of outsourcing are higher at higher levels of management.
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20. The Information Systems Subsidiary
IS service companies that are owned by and served by one large company
Some grow large enough to service the market at large
Some corporations purchase an IS consulting firm

21. Purchased Applications
Why Purchase?
Immediate system availability
High quality
Low price
Available support

22. Purchased Applications
Purchasing Risks
Loose fit between needs and features
Bankruptcy of the vendor
High turnover of vendor personnel

23. Renting Software On-site Renting Renting Through the Web
Client purchases a license to use a certain application for a specified time
Renting Through the Web
Application installed at vendor’s location; client accesses through the Web or leased line

24. Renting Software
Benefits and risks of software rental through the Web

25. User Application Development
Factors Encouraging User Application Development
The widespread use of PCs
The emergence of 4GLs
Increasing popularity of prototyping
Increasing popularity of client/server architecture

26. User Application Development
Advantages of user application development
Shortened lead times
Good fit to needs
Free IS staff time

27. User Application Development
Risks of user application development
Poorly developed applications
Duplication
Security problems
Poor documentation