1. Succeeding with Technology Information, Decision Support… Decision Making and Problem Solving Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Group Decision Support Systems Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose Systems Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer Chapter 9

2. Succeeding with Technology 9.1 Decision Making and Problem Solving Decision making Problem solving Programmed decisions Nonprogrammed decisions Optimization model Heuristics Key Terms

3. Succeeding with Technology Decision Making & Problem Solving Process Intelligence Stage Design Stage Choice Stage Decision Making Implementation Monitoring Problem Solving Potential Problems and opportunities are identified and defined Alternative solutions to the problem are developed Select a course of action Solution put into effect Evaluate the implementation

4. Succeeding with Technology MIS Decision Types Programmed decisions  Structured situations with well defined relationships  Quantifiable Non-programmed decisions  Ill-structured situations with vague or changing relationships between variables  Not easily quantifiable in advance DSS

5. Succeeding with Technology MIS vs. DSS A MIS sheds light on a wide-range of common, day-to-day business decisions. A DSS supports decision making for specific unique and difficult decisions.

6. Succeeding with Technology Optimization and Heuristic Approaches An optimization model finds the best solution, usually the one that will best help individuals or organizations meet their goals. Heuristics, often referred to as “rules of thumb”—commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution, but not necessarily the optimal solution—are often used in the decision-making process.

7. Succeeding with Technology 9.2 Management Information Systems Management Information System (MIS) Scheduled report Demand report Exception report Key Terms

8. Succeeding with Technology Management Information Systems (MIS) MIS: an information system designed to provide routine information to managers and decision makers Example:  Search for a car on edmundsedmunds

9. Succeeding with Technology MIS Input and Output

10. Succeeding with Technology Reports, Reports, Reports www.cognos.com/products/business_intelligence/reporting_sapbw/

11. Succeeding with Technology Scheduled Reports are produced periodically on a schedule; daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc. Demand Reports are developed to get certain information at a person’s request. Exception Reports are automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires action. Reports

12. Succeeding with Technology 9.3 Decision Support Systems Decision Support System What-if analysis Goal-seeking analysis Key Terms

13. Succeeding with Technology Decision Support Systems A decision support system (DSS) is an information system used to support problem-specific decision making. www.epocrates.com

14. Succeeding with Technology What-if? What-if analysis is the process of making hypothetical changes to problem data and observing the impact on the results. What-if is used in projecting paths of hurricanes

15. Succeeding with Technology Goal-seeking Goal-seeking analysis is the process of determining what problem data is required for a given result. What must be done in order to safely withdraw troops within a year? What if??? Excel Grade Individual Activity

16. Succeeding with Technology 9.4 Group Decision Support Systems Group decision support system (GDSS) Groupware Key Terms

17. Succeeding with Technology Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) A GDSS or computerized collaborative work system is designed to provide effective support in group decision-making settings. A GDSS is flexible, supports anonymous input, and reduces negative group dynamics

18. Succeeding with Technology Groupware GDSS software, called groupware, helps with joint work group scheduling, communication, and management. www.lotus.com

19. Succeeding with Technology 9.5 AI and Special-Purpose Systems Robotics Vision systems Natural language processing Learning systems Neural network Fuzzy logic Key Terms Genetic algorithm Intelligent agent Expert system (ES) Virtual reality Geographic information system (GIS) Game theory

20. Succeeding with Technology An Overview of AI AI systems simulate human thought and behavior. www.cyc.com

21. Succeeding with Technology Interesting Statistics It has been estimated that computers that can exhibit humanlike intelligence – including musical and artistic aptitude, creativity, the ability to move physically through the world, and emotional responsiveness – require processing power of 20 million billion calculations per second (petaflops).

22. Succeeding with Technology

23. Robotics Robotics involves developing mechanical or computer devices to perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious or hazardous for humans. ASIMO Demo

24. Succeeding with Technology Other Forms of AI Vision systems permit computers to capture store and interpret visual imaged and pictures. Natural language processing, or speech recognition, allows a computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language. Learning systems allow the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.

25. Succeeding with Technology Other Forms of AI A neural network is a computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain. Fuzzy logic allows computers to deal with ambiguous criteria or probabilities and events that are not mutually exclusive. A genetic algorithm is an approach to solving large, complex problems where a number of algorithms or models change and evolve until the best one emerges.

26. Succeeding with Technology Other Forms of AI An intelligent agent consists of programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program. As expert system (ES) acts or behaves like a human expert in a field or area. Physicians rely on expert systems to analyze complex medical data.

27. Succeeding with Technology Specialized Systems Virtual reality is a computer-simulated environment or event.

28. Succeeding with Technology Specialized Systems A geographic information system (GIS) is capable of storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic or spatial information including maps of locations or regions around the world. Google Earth Zillow

29. Succeeding with Technology Specialized Systems Game theory involves developing strategies for people, organizations, or even countries that are competing against each other. Informatics combines traditional disciplines, like science and medicine, with computer systems and technology.

30. Succeeding with Technology Chapter 9 Questions? Don’t forget to turn your phone on!!