1. ANTIMATTER: An Antiproject
Eric
Phranque
Joey

2. HISTORY: Paul Dirac
1928: Formulated mathematical equation describing the behaviour of an electron
Combined Einstein’s theory of relativity and Heisenberg’s quantum theory.
Equation proved the existence of both a negatively charged and positively charged electron: predicting the existence of the antielectron, and other antiparticles.
Won a Nobel Prize in 1933
At his Nobel Lecture, he predicted a whole different universe composed entirely of antimatter
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3. Discovery of the Positron
Discovered by Carl D. Anderson while observing Cosmic Rays
(high energy particles from space that enter Earth’s atmosphere in showers)
Observed tracks in cosmic rays passing through cloud chambers.
Tracks were left by something that behaved like electrons, had the same mass of elctrons, but had positive charge
After a year of observation, Anderson proved Dirac’s equation and concluded these objects to be positrons(antielectrons)
Won Nobel Prize for his discovery in 1936
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4. Creating the Antiproton and Antineutron
In 1954, Ernest Lawrence built the Bevatron
could collide two protons at the energy of 6.2 electron-volts, which was thought to create antiprotons
Team of physicists built an antiproton detector to see the antiprotons being created.
Just a year later, a different team using the bevatron created the first antineutron
Image Courtesy of

5. The Antideuteron
Deuteron: a particle created by the fusion of a neutron and a proton
The first “antideuteron” was created in 1965 by two teams led by Antonino Zechichi and Leon Lederman
fused an antineutron with an antiproton
This was the first “antinucleus” created and could possibly be used as a nucleus for an antiatom someday.
Antideuterium: a fused antiproton,antineutron with a positron orbiting it (yet to be created)
Image Courtesy of

6. Antihydrogen: the First Antiatom
Special machine called a Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) used by German and Italian physicists in 1995 to slow down an antiproton
in order to stick a positron to the antiproton in an orbit
This experiment was a success and the first anti-atom was born
This simple anti-atom is antihydrogen
No fusion of all three antiparticles has taken place (antineutrons, antiprotons and positrons)
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7. Properties of Antimatter It matters...get it?
What makes antimatter, antimatter?
How did it get here
What happens if I poke it?
What does it look like and how does it behave?

8. What makes Antimatter Antimatter?- + VS
Particles with opposite charge
Make that, particles of the same mass with opposite charge
Really, there's not much more to it
I'm not joking, it's really that simple!
Don't believe me?
Look it up yourself!
Why are you still reading this?
Electron & Positron
Proton & Antiproton
Neutron & Antineutron

9. Anti-atoms: they're what's for dinner
Composed of ANTI-particles as opposed to normal particles
-Eg. Hydrogen = 1 proton + 1 electron
Anti-Hydrogen = 1 anti-proton + 1 positron
Have actually been synthesized (in small quantities) in particle accelerators such as the one at CERN
You could theoretically synthesize heavier elements, however it has not yet been
done
Anti- He He

10. Where did it come from?
RULE: Antimatter is always created with and when matter is
The first antiparticles to be observed were created in Cosmic Rays.
High energy particle (Cosmic Ray) smashes into Particle in atmosphere
Some of the resulting energy recombines to form antimatter and matter in equal amounts
Most antimatter these days is produced in produced in Particle Accelerators
High energy particle (accelerated via accelerator : P) smashes into a target (big hunk of metal).
Enormous amount of energy is released, some of which recombines into matter and antimatter pairs.

11. What happens when I poke it?
A wonderful question indeed. In all likelihood, if you managed to stick your hand in a containment field and actually touch it, upon meeting the particles in your hand, the antiparticles and particles would ANNHILIATE each other, releasing the rest energy of all the particles in your hand. Unless you had a very small hand, this would likely vaporize everything within the radius of the resulting explosion.
Needless to say, you probably wouldn't want to do that
Anti-Blob
Containment Field

12. - = + Ouchies...but why?! + BOOM!!!! Another wonderful question!
Antiparticles and their corresponding particles eliminate each other upon their meeting (each release all of rest energy)
So...
When the particles in your hand meet the particles in the antimatter blob... - +
BOOM!!!! = +

13. What does it look like? How does it behave?
Yet another wonderful question! You see, we haven't really observed enough antimatter to make a definite conclusion.
However, by our current hypotheses from symmetry principles, we've concluded that antimatter behaves exactly as its matter counterpart in all aspects, except the parity and magnetic fields are reversed.
Current experimentation at CERN wishes to answer this question
So perhaps a sock puppet created out of antimatter would like like and behave like (in this case, behave poorly) just as it's matter counter-puppet would

14. APPLICATIONS? Femtogram: Picogram: Nanogram Microgram Milligram Gram
Low velocity nuclear physics
Experimental analysis of solids
Vacuum measurement
Picogram:
Local 3D density imaging in solids
Gravitational mass experiments
High-density quark-gluon physics
Trace 3D passageways in solid crystals
Treat inoperable tumors/cauterize lesions
Anneal faults in solids
Nanogram
Long-range interior imaging and analysis
Small thruster experiments
Microgram
Medium thruster experiments (100lbs)
Small item industrial welding
Milligram
Large engine experiments (100,000lbs)
Small probe propulsion (100lbs)
Gram
Space transporting
Supporting Phranque’s antimatter needs for a year or so

15. Fields for Applications
Medical
Industrial
Military
Educational
Transportation
Rocketry
Phun?
ANTIMATTER?

16. Medical Imaging the human body Treatment
similar in theory to CAT and MRI scans
Called Antiprotonic Radiography (APR)
Antiproton is shot into body at high rate of speed
Annihilation releases rays/particles that can be detected (repeat many x for high res)
Computer compiles data into virtual map
Treatment
Stronger Antiproton beam
Annihilation releases enough energy to destroy a tumor or cauterize a lesion
Accurate to 2mm

17. Industrial Imaging solids Repair/Shape
Same type of machine, but antiprotons at higher speeds are used (to penetrate higher densities)
Easy scanners for faults in structure?
Repair/Shape
Stronger beams can anneal a fault in a solid metal
Magnetic and electric fields can shape a beam to carve out microscopic tunnels in a material
Much more accurate and available on a smaller scale than milling, molding, or laser shaping
Supercomputer the size of a sugar cube?

18. Angels and Demons is wrong
Military
Bomb?
NO!
Energy released is not explosive in nature
Costs more to make than potential targets it can destroy
Beam (again!)
Long range scanner
Disable electronics/mechanisms
Highly accurate
Angels and Demons is wrong

19. Educational Explore subatomic world
Several new subatomic/elementary particles have been discovered as a result of antimatter
Explain electromagnetic, gravitational, strong and weak nuclear forces

20. Transportation Cars? Submarine! Way too complex to harness
Too expensive
A little dangerous
Submarine!
Smaller, more effective than nuclear reactors of today
Quieter military spy subs? Explore deep trenches? Water Polo? Whatever sinks your submersible!

21. Rocketry Great idea, but how? Parts:
Trap to store antimatter (Penning/Paul)
Reaction mass
Nozzle to control annihilation and exhaust direction
Makes impossible missions possible!
Max mass ratio of 5:1
Speeds approaching that of light are achievable
Rendezvous with Alpha Centauri (4.3 LY):
770lbs Antimatter
20 tons reaction mass
0.2c
Possible within Human Lifetime

22. Sponsors This project was brought to you in part by:
MERC pharmaceutical
NASA
Microsoft
The Rand Group
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